to the well-known river, and when he uses it indefinitely, it becomes general, so it includes everything that is called 'furat' (fresh), and every fresh thing is 'furat'. Allah the Almighty says: {And We gave you water to drink that is fresh} (123). And He says: {And the two seas are not alike; this is fresh, sweet to drink, and this is salty and bitter} (124). Whenever he intends with his oath (125) the other possibility, it is directed to it, and that is accepted from him; because it is plausible, and his intention is not far-fetched.
Section: If he swears, "I will not insult him, and I will not speak to him in the mosque," and he does that (126) in the mosque while the person against whom the oath is made is elsewhere, he is in breach. If he does it (127) outside the mosque while the person against whom the oath is made is in the mosque, he is not in breach. If he swears, "I will not strike him, nor wound him, nor kill him in the mosque," and he does so, while the swearer is in the mosque and the one against whom the oath is made is elsewhere, he is not in breach. If the swearer is outside the mosque and the one against whom the oath is made is in the mosque, he is in breach; because insulting and speaking is speech that the speaker performs independently, so the presence of the one insulted is not considered in it, so it occurs from the insulter in the mosque even if the one insulted is not there, and speaking is speech; it is like insulting. The rest of the mentioned actions are transitive actions whose locus is the one struck, killed, and wounded, so if their locus is outside the mosque, the action is outside of it, so the locus of the object of the action is considered. If he swears, "I will certainly kill him on Friday," and he wounds him on Thursday, and he dies on Friday. Al-Qadi said: He is not in breach. If he wounds him on Friday and he dies on Saturday, he said: He is in breach; because he is not considered 'killed' until he dies, so his day of death is considered, not the day of his striking. It is also valid that the ruling be the opposite in the two matters, so the day of his wounding is considered, not the day of his death; because killing is the action of the killer, and for this reason, giving the command for it and prohibiting it is valid. Allah the Almighty says: {So kill
(123) Sūrat al-Mursalāt 27. (124) Sūrat Fāṭir 12. (125) In A, B, and M: "yamīnihi" (his oath). (126) Omitted from A, B, and M. (127) In the original: "ḥalafihi" (his swearing).
إلى النَّهرِ المعروفِ، وإذا نَكَّرَه صارَ للعُمومِ، فيَتناولُ كلَّ ما يُسَمَّى فُرَاتًا، وكلُّ عذبٍ فراتٌ، قال اللَّهُ تعالى: {وَأَسْقَيْنَاكُمْ مَاءً فُرَاتًا} (١٢٣). وقال: {وَمَا يَسْتَوِي الْبَحْرَانِ هَذَا عَذْبٌ فُرَاتٌ سَائِغٌ شَرَابُهُ وَهَذَا مِلْحٌ أُجَاجٌ} (١٢٤). ومتى نَوَى بيَمِينِه (١٢٥) المُحْتمِلَ الآخَرَ، انْصَرفَ إليه، ويُقْبَلُ منه ذلك؛ لأَنَّه قريبٌ لا تَبعُدُ إرادتُه.
فصل: ولو حَلَفَ لا يَشتُمُه، ولا يُكَلِّمُه فى المسجدِ، ففعلَ ذلك (١٢٦) فى المسجدِ، والمحْلوفُ عليه فى غيرِه، حَنِثَ، وإن فعلَه (١٢٧) فى غيرِ المسجدِ، والمحْلوفُ عليه فى المسجدِ، لم يَحْنَثْ. ولو حَلَفَ لا يَضْرِبُه، ولا يَشُجُّه، ولا يَقتُلُه فى المسجدِ، ففَعلَه، والحالفُ فى المسجدِ، والمحْلوفُ عليه فى غيرِه، لم يَحْنَثْ، وإن كان الحالِفُ فى غيرِ المسجدِ، والمحلوفُ عليه فى المسجدِ، حَنِثَ؛ لأنَّ الشَّتْمَ والكلامَ قولٌ يَستقِلُّ به القائلُ، فلا يُعتبَرُ فيه حُضورُ المشْتومِ، فيُوجَدُ مِنَ الشَّاتمِ فى المسجدِ وإن لم يَكُنِ المشْتُومُ فيه، والكلامُ قولٌ؛ فهو كالشَّتمِ، وسائرُ الأفعالِ المذكورةِ فعلٌ مُتَعَدٍّ محلُّه المضروبُ والمقتولُ والمشجوجُ، فإذا كان مَحَلُّه فى غيرِ المسجدِ كان الفعلُ فى غيرِه، فيُعْتبَرُ محلُّ المفعولِ به. ولو حَلَفَ لَيَقتُلَنَّه يومَ الْجُمُعَةِ، فجرحَه يومَ الخميسِ، وماتَ يومَ الجمعةِ. فقال القاضى: لا يَحْنَثُ. وإن جرَحَه يومَ الْجُمُعَةِ فماتَ يومَ السَّبْتِ، فقال: يَحْنَثُ؛ لأنَّه لا يَكونُ مقتولًا حتى يموتَ، فاعْتُبِرَ يومُ مَوْتِه لا يومُ ضَرْبِه. ويَتَوجَّهُ أن يكونَ الحُكمُ بالعكسِ فى المسْألتينِ، فيُعْتبَرَ يومُ جَرْحِه لا يومُ مَوْتِه؛ لأنَّ القتلَ فعلُ القاتلِ، ولهذا يَصِحُّ الأمرُ به والنَّهْىُ عنه، قال اللَّهُ تعالى: {فَاقْتُلُوا
(١٢٣) سورة المرسلات ٢٧.(١٢٤) سورة فاطر ١٢.(١٢٥) فى أ، ب، م: "يمينه".(١٢٦) سقط من: أ، ب، م.(١٢٧) فى الأصل: "حلفه".
