The Disbelievers} (128). {And do not kill your children} (129). Command and prohibition are only directed towards an action whose performance and omission are possible, and that is the action of a human being, such as wounding and the like. As for the cessation of life (zuhuq), it is the action of Allah the Almighty; it is not commanded nor prohibited, and there is no way for a human being [to reach it] (130) except by engaging in its cause, which is a condition for killing. Thus, when it occurs, we realize that the action leading to it was killing. For this reason, it is permissible to pay the expiation (kaffarah) after the wounding and before the cessation of life. If he swears, "I will kill him," [and he dies from a wound he inflicted upon him, he has not fulfilled his oath. If he swears, "I will not kill him"] (131), he is not in breach by that either. It is possible that he does not fulfill his oath until the cause and the cessation of life are found together on a day (132); because killing is not completed except by its cause and its condition (133). As for relating it to the condition alone without the cause, it is far-fetched.
Section: If he says, "Whoever brings me glad tidings of my brother's arrival, she is divorced," and one of them brings him glad tidings, and she is truthful, she is divorced. If she is lying, she is not divorced; because 'bringing glad tidings' (tabshir) is a truthful report from which occurs what affects the complexion, whether out of joy or sorrow. If another [woman] informs him of it, she is not divorced; because the joy only occurs from the first report. If the first [woman] was lying and the second was truthful, the second is divorced; because the joy only occurs from her report, so she is the one who brought the glad tidings. If two, three, or four (134) bring him glad tidings of that at one time, they are all divorced; because the word "man" (whoever) applies to the singular and those beyond it. Allah the Almighty says: {So whoever does an atom's weight of good will see it (7) And whoever does an atom's weight of evil will see it} (135). And He says: {And whoever of you is devoutly obedient to Allah and His Messenger and does righteousness, We will give her her reward twice} (136).
(128) Sūrat al-Tawba 5. (129) Sūrat al-Isrāʾ 31. (130) In B and M, an addition: "ilā" (to). (131) Omitted from B. (132) In the original, an addition: "al-jumʿa" (Friday). (133) In M: "wa-sharṭ" (and a condition). (134) In A: "arbaʿ" (four). (135) Sūrat al-Zalzala 7, 8. (136) Sūrat al-Aḥzāb 31.
الْمُشْرِكِينَ} (١٢٨). {وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَوْلَادَكُمْ} (١٢٩). والأمرُ والنَّهىُ إنَّما يَتَوَجَّهُ إلى فعلٍ مُمْكِنٍ فعلُه وتَرْكُه، وذلك فعلُ الآدمِىِّ مِن الجَرْحِ ونحوِه، أمَّا الزُّهُوقُ ففِعْلُ اللَّهِ تعالى لا يُؤمَرُ به، ولا يُنْهَى عنه، ولا سبيلَ للآدمىِّ إلَّا (١٣٠) تَعاطِى سَبَبِه، وهو شَرْطٌ فى القتلِ، فإذا وُجِدَ تَبَيَّنَّا أَنَّ الفِعْلَ المُفْضِىَ إليه كان قتلًا، ولذلك جازَ تَقْديمُ الكَفَّارةِ بعدَ الجَرْحِ، وقبلَ الزُّهُوقِ. ولو حَلَفَ لأقْتُلَنَّه، [فماتَ مِنْ جُرْحٍ كان جَرَحَه، لم يَبَرَّ. ولو حَلَفَ لا يَقتُلُه] (١٣١)، لم يَحْنَثْ بذلك أيضًا. ويَحتمِلُ أَنْ لا يَبَرَّ حتى يُوجَدَ السَّببُ والزُّهُوقُ معًا فى يومٍ (١٣٢)؛ لأنَّ القتلَ لا يَتِمُّ إلَّا بسَببِه وشَرْطِه (١٣٣)، فأمَّا بنِسْبتِه إلى الشَّرْطِ وحدَه دُونَ السَّببِ، فبعيدٌ.
فصل: إذا قال: مَن بَشَّرَتْنِى بِقُدُومِ أخِى، فهى طالِقٌ، فَبَشَّرَتْه إحْداهُنَّ، وهى صادقةٌ، طَلُقَتْ، وإن كانت كاذبةً، لم تَطْلُقْ؛ لأنَّ التَّبْشِيرَ خَبَرُ صِدْقٍ، يَحصُلُ به ما يُغَيِّرُ الْبَشَرَةَ مِن سُرورٍ أو غَمٍّ. وإن أخْبرَتْه به أُخْرَى، لم تَطْلُقْ؛ لأنَّ السُّرورَ إنَّما يَحْصُلُ بالخَبَرِ الأوَّلِ، فإن كانتِ الأُولَى كاذبةً، والثَّانيةُ صادقةً، طَلُقَتِ الثَّانيةُ؛ لأنَّ السُّرورَ إنَّما يَحْصُلُ بخبرِها، فكان هو البِشَارَةَ. وإن بَشَّرَهَ بذلك اثْنتانِ، أو ثلاثٌ، أو الأربعُ (١٣٤) فى دَفْعَةٍ واحدةٍ، طَلُقْنَ كلُّهنَّ؛ لأنَّ "مَنْ" تَقَعُ على الواحدِ فما زادَ، قال اللَّهُ تعالى: {فَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ خَيْرًا يَرَهُ (٧) وَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ شَرًّا يَرَهُ} (١٣٥). وقال: {وَمَنْ يَقْنُتْ مِنْكُنَّ لِلَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَتَعْمَلْ صَالِحًا نُؤْتِهَا أَجْرَهَا مَرَّتَيْنِ} (١٣٦).
(١٢٨) سورة التوبة ٥.(١٢٩) سورة الإسراء ٣١.(١٣٠) فى ب، م زيادة: "إلى".(١٣١) سقط من: ب.(١٣٢) فى الأصل زيادة: "الجمعة".(١٣٣) فى م: "وشرط".(١٣٤) فى أ: "أربع".(١٣٥) سورة الزلزلة ٧، ٨.(١٣٦) سورة الأحزاب ٣١.
