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Al-Mughni by Ibn Qudama - Edited by Al-Turki
Volume 11 · Page 10Section

Translation · EN

The fear of my Lord and modesty restrain me, and I honor my husband lest his status be violated.

Then Umar asked some women: "How long can a woman endure being away from her husband?" They replied: "Two months; in the third, patience wanes; and in the fourth, patience runs out." So he wrote to the commanders of the armies: "Do not keep a man away from his wife for more than four months."

Section: If he attaches the Ila' to an impossible condition, such as saying: "By Allah, I will not have intercourse with you until you ascend to the sky, or turn a stone into gold, or until the crow turns white," he is a Muli. This is because the meaning of that is the abandonment of intercourse with her, for that which is intended to be impossible to exist is attached to impossibilities. Allah, the Almighty, said regarding the disbelievers: "And they will not enter Paradise until the camel enters into the eye of a needle" [Surah Al-A'raf: 40]. Its meaning is that they will never enter Paradise. Some of them have said:

When the crow turns white, I will come to my family, and pitch becomes like fresh milk.

And if he says: "By Allah, I will not have intercourse with you until you conceive," he is a Muli, because her conception without intercourse is customarily impossible, so it is like ascending to the sky. The Qadi, Abu al-Khattab, and the companions of al-Shafi'i said: He is not a Muli unless she is a young girl for whom it is strongly presumed that she will not conceive within four months, or she is a woman past menopause. As for if she is a woman who experiences menstrual cycles, he is not a Muli, because it is possible for her to conceive. The Qadi said: If the young girl is nine years old, he is not a Muli, because her conception is possible. We argue that conception without intercourse is customarily impossible, so attaching the oath to it is an Ila', just like ascending to the sky. The evidence for its impossibility is the statement of Maryam: "How can I have a boy while no man has touched me and I have not been unchaste?" [Surah Maryam: 20]. And their statement: "O sister of Aaron, your father was not a man of evil, nor was your mother unchaste" [Surah Maryam: 28].

Notes

(25) Surah Al-A'raf: 40. (26) Previously mentioned in: 10/475. (27) Omitted from: the original. (28) Surah Maryam: 20.

Arabic (Source)

مَخافَةُ رَبِّى والحَياءُ يَكُفُّنِى ... وأُكْرِمُ بَعْلى أَنْ تُنالَ مَراكِبُهْ

فسألَ عمرُ نِساءً: كم تَصْبِرُ المَرْأَةُ عن الزَّوْجِ؟ فَقُلْنَ: شَهْرَيْنِ، وفى الثَّالثِ يَقِلُّ الصَّبْرُ، وفى الرَّابِع ينْفَدُ الصَّبْرُ. فكتَبَ إلى أُمَراءِ الأجْنادِ، أَنْ لا تَحْبِسُوا رَجُلًا عن امْرَأَتِه أَكْثَرَ مِنْ أرْبَعَةِ أَشْهُرٍ.

فصل: وإذا عَلَّقَ الإِيلاءَ بِشَرْطٍ مُسْتَحيلٍ، كقولِه: واللَّهِ لا وَطِئْتُكِ حَتَّى تَصْعَدِى السَّماءَ، أو تَقْلِبى الحَجَرَ ذَهَبًا، أو يَشِيبَ الغُرابُ. فهو مُولٍ؛ لأنَّ معنى ذلك تَرْكُ وَطْئِها؛ فإنَّ ما يُرادُ إِحالَةُ وُجُودِه يُعَلَّقُ على المُسْتَحِيلاتِ. قال اللَّهُ تعالى فى الكُفَّارِ: {وَلَا يَدْخُلُونَ الْجَنَّةَ حَتَّى يَلِجَ الْجَمَلُ فِى سَمِّ الْخِيَاطِ} (٢٥). ومَعْناه لا يَدْخُلُونَ الجَنَّةَ أبَدًا. وقال بعضهم (٢٦):

إذا شابَ الغُرابُ أتَيْتُ أَهْلى ... وصارَ القارُ كاللَّبَنِ الحَلِيبِ

وإِنْ قال: واللَّهِ لا وَطِئْتُكِ حتى تَحْبَلِى. فهو مُولٍ؛ لِأَنَّ حَبَلَها بغيرِ وَطْءٍ مُسْتَحِيلٌ عادَةً، فهو كصُعُودِ السَّماءِ. وقال القاضى، وأبو الخَطَّابِ، وأصْحابُ الشَّافِعِىِّ: ليس بِمُولٍ إِلَّا أَنْ تكونَ صَغِيرَةً يَغْلُبُ على الظَّنِّ أنَّها لا تَحْمِلُ فى أرْبَعَةِ أَشْهُرٍ، أو آيِسَةً، فأمَّا إنْ كانتْ مِنْ ذواتِ الأقْراءِ، فلا يكونُ مُولِيًا؛ لأنَّه يُمْكِنُ حَمْلُها. قال القاضى: وإذا كانَتِ الصَّغِيرَةُ بِنْتَ تِسْعِ سِنِينَ (٢٧)، لم يكنْ مُولِيًا؛ لأنَّ حَمْلَها مُمْكِنٌ. ولَنا، أَنَّ الحَمْلَ بِدُونِ الوَطْءِ مُسْتَحِيلٌ عادَةً، فكانَ تَعْلِيقُ اليَمِينِ عليه إِيلاءً، كصُعُودِ السَّماءِ. ودليلُ اسْتِحالَتِه قَوْلُ مَرْيَمَ: {أَنَّى يَكُونُ لِى غُلَامٌ وَلَمْ يَمْسَسْنِى بَشَرٌ وَلَمْ أَكُ بَغِيًّا} (٢٨). وقولُهم: {يَاأُخْتَ هَارُونَ مَا كَانَ أَبُوكِ امْرَأَ سَوْءٍ وَمَا كَانَتْ أُمُّكِ

Notes

(٢٥) سورة الأعراف ٤٠.(٢٦) تقدم فى: ١٠/ ٤٧٥.(٢٧) سقط من: الأصل.(٢٨) سورة مريم ٢٠.

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