And he dies, so this is intentional (amd), whether he dies immediately or remains for a while, because this is the most fatal type of strangulation, and it is the method customarily used by authorities against thieves and those like them among the corrupt. The second sort is to strangle someone while they are on the ground with his hands, a scarf, or a rope, or to smother them with a pillow or something he places over their mouth and nose, or by placing his hands over them until they die. If he does this for a duration in which a person would usually die and they do die, then it is intentional and qisas (retribution) is due. This is the position of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, al-Nakha'i, and al-Shafi'i. If he does it for a duration in which a person would not usually die and they do die, then it is semi-intentional (shibh al-'amd), for which blood money is due, unless the act is minor by custom, such that death is not expected, in which case it requires no compensation, as it is equivalent to merely touching them. If he strangles them and leaves them in pain until they die, then qisas is due because they died from the aftereffects of his crime; thus, it is like one who dies from the aftereffects of a wound. However, if they breathe and recover, then later die, there is no qisas because the outward indication is that they did not die from it, resembling the case of a wound that heals and then the person dies.

The fourth type is to cast someone into a place of destruction, and this is of four varieties. The first is to cast them from a precipice, such as the top of a mountain or a high wall, from which death usually occurs, and they die; this is intentional. The second is to cast them into fire or water that drowns them, and it is impossible for them to escape, either due to the intensity of the water or fire, or due to their inability to escape because of illness, weakness, youth, or because they are bound, or he prevented them from exiting, or because they are in a pit from which they cannot climb out, and the like; or he casts them into a well that has air/space, and they die from it, knowing this—all of this is intentional because it usually kills. If he casts them into shallow water from which they are able to exit, and they choose to linger until they die,