a full ghurrah is mandatory for it, and its blood money and the blood money of its mother are upon his Muslim 'aqilah, in consideration of the state of stabilization.
1477- Issue: He said: "If he strikes her abdomen, and she casts out a live fetus, then it dies from the blow, then it carries the blood money of a free person if it was free, or its value if it was a slave, provided that its miscarriage occurred at a time when its likes would survive, which is six months or more."
This is the view of the general body of scholars. Ibn al-Mundhir said: All the scholars whom we have memorized from among the people of knowledge are in consensus that in the case of a fetus that falls out alive from a strike, there is a full blood money. Among them are Zayd ibn Thabit, 'Urwah, al-Zuhri, al-Sha'bi, Qatadah, Ibn Shubruma, Malik, al-Shafi'i, Ishaq, Abu Thawr, and the Ahl al-Ra'y (proponents of opinion). This is because it died from his offense after its birth, at a time when its likes would survive, so it is similar to killing it after its delivery. There are three sections to this issue:
One of them: It is only guaranteed with blood money if she delivers it alive. Whenever its life is known, this ruling is established for it, whether it is established by its crying (istihlal), nursing, breathing, sneezing, or other signs by which its life is known. This is the apparent view of al-Khiraqi and is the madhhab (school) of al-Shafi'i. It was narrated from Ahmad that the ruling of life is not established for it except by its crying (istihlal). This is the view of al-Zuhri, Qatadah, Malik, and Ishaq. The same has been narrated from 'Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, Ibn 'Abbas, al-Hasan ibn 'Ali, and Jabir, may Allah be pleased with them; due to the saying of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): "If a newborn cries (istahalla), it inherits and is inherited from." The implication is that it does not inherit if it does not cry. Al-istihlal is crying out, as stated by Ibn 'Abbas, al-Qasim, and al-Nakha'i; because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "There is no newborn that is born but that the Shaytan touches it, so it cries out (fa-yastahillu) screaming, except for Maryam and her son." Thus, it is not permissible to accept other than what the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) has said.
(1) Its takhrij (source documentation) has been previously mentioned in 3/459. (2) Narrated by al-Darimi in: The Chapter on the Inheritance of the Minor, from the Book of Obligations. Sunan al-Daraqutni 2/393.
تَجِبُ فيه غُرَّةً كاملةً، ويكون عَقْلُه وعَقْلُ أُمِّه على عاقِلَتِه المسلمين، اعْتبارًا بحالِ الاسْتِقْرارِ.
١٤٧٧ - مسألة؛ قال: (وَإنْ ضَرَبَ بَطْنَهَا، فأَلْقَتْ جَنِينًا حَيًّا، ثُمَّ مَاتَ مِن الضَّرْبَةِ، فَفِيه دِيَةُ حُرٍّ إنْ كَانَ حُرًّا، أو قِيمَتُهُ إنْ كَانَ مَمْلوكًا، إذَا كَانَ سُقُوطُه لِوَقْتٍ يَعِيشُ لِمِثْلِهِ، وَهُوَ أن يَكُونَ لِسِتَّةِ أشْهُرٍ فَصَاعِدًا)
هذا قولُ عامَّةِ أهلِ العلمِ. قال ابنُ المُنْذِرِ: أجْمَعَ كلُّ مَنْ نَحْفَظُ عنه من أهلِ العلمِ، على أنَّ في الْجَنينِ، يَسْقُطُ حَيًّا من الضَّرْبِ، دِيَةً كاملةً، منهم؛ زيدُ بن ثابتٍ، وعُرْوَةُ، والزُّهْرِىُّ، والشَّعْبِىُّ، وقَتادَةُ، وابنُ شُبْرُمَةَ، ومالكٌ، والشافعيُّ، وإسْحاقُ، وأبو ثَوْرٍ، وأصْحابُ الرَّأْىِ؛ وذلك لأنَّه مات من جِنايَتِه بعدَ ولَادَتِه، في وقتٍ يعيشُ لِمِثْلِه، فأشْبَهَ قَتْلَه بعدَ وَضْعِه. وفى هذه المسألةِ ثلاثةُ فُصُولٍ:
أحدها: أنَّه إنَّما يُضْمَنُ بالدِّيَةِ إذا وضَعَتْه حَيًّا، ومتى عُلِمَتْ حَياتُه، ثَبَتَ له هذا الحكمُ، سواءٌ ثَبَتَتْ باسْتِهْلالِه، أو ارْتِضاعِه، أو بِنَفَسِهِ، أو عُطَاسِه، أو غيرِه من الأَماراتِ التي تُعْلَمُ بها حَياتُه. هذا ظاهِرُ قولِ الْخِرَقِىِّ. وهو مذهبُ الشافعىِّ. ورُوِىَ عن أحمدَ، أنَّه لا يَثْبُتُ له حكمُ الحياةِ إلَّا بالاسْتِهْلالِ. وهذا قولُ الزُّهْرِىِّ، وقَتادةَ، ومالكٍ، وإسحاقَ. ورُوِىَ مَعْنَى ذلك عن عمرَ، رَضِىَ اللهُ عنه، وابنِ عباسٍ، والحسنِ بن عليٍّ، وجابرٍ، رَضِىَ اللهُ عنهم؛ لقولِ النَّبِيِّ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم-: "إذا اسْتَهَلَّ المَوْلُودُ، وَرِثَ ووُرِثَ" (١). مَفْهُومُه أنَّه لا يَرِثُ إذا لم يَسْتَهِلَّ. والاسْتِهْلالُ: الصِّيَاحُ. قاله ابنُ عباسٍ، والقاسمُ، والنَّخَعِىُّ؛ لأنَّ النَّبِىَّ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- قال: "مَا مِنْ مَوْلُودٍ يُولَدُ، إلَّا مَسَّهُ الشَّيْطَانُ، فَيَسْتَهِلُّ صَارِخًا، إلَّا مَرْيَمَ وابْنَها" (٢). فلا يجوزُ غيرُ ما قالَه رسولُ اللَّه -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم-
(١) تقدم تخريجه، في: ٣/ ٤٥٩.(٢) أخرجه الدارمي، في: باب ميراث الصبى، من كتاب الفرائض. سنن الدارقطني ٢/ ٣٩٣.
