1653 - Issue: He said: "And when the spoils of war have been secured, there is no share in them for one who comes to them as reinforcements, or who escapes from captivity."
The summary of this is that the spoils of war belong to those who were present at the battle (1). Therefore, whoever joins afterwards as reinforcements catching up with the Muslims, or a prisoner who escapes from the infidels and joins the Muslim army, or an infidel who embraces Islam, has no right (3) to them. Al-Shafi'i held this view. Abu Hanifa said regarding reinforcements: If he joins them before the distribution or before they are secured in the Abode of Islam (Dar al-Islam), he shares with them, because their ownership is perfected by the completion of taking possession, which is securing them in the Abode of Islam or distributing them. So whoever comes before that has reached them before their ownership was finalized, thus he is entitled (4) to a portion, just as if he had arrived during the battle. If someone from the army dies before that, he has nothing; because of what we have mentioned. Al-Sha'bi narrated that Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, wrote to Sa'd: "Allot a share for whoever comes to you before the slain of Persia have bloated (5) (6)." Our evidence is what Abu Hurayrah narrated, that Aban ibn Sa'id ibn al-As and his companions came to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) at Khaybar after he had conquered it. Aban said: "Distribute for us, O Messenger of Allah." The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "Sit down, O Aban." And the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) did not distribute anything to him. Related by Abu Dawud (7). From Tariq ibn Shihab, that the people of Basra fought at Nahavand (8), and the people of Kufa reinforced them, so this was written to Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, and Umar wrote: "The spoils of war are for those who witnessed the battle."
(1) In A, B, M: "shahida" (witnessed). (2) In M: "al-muwaqa'a". (3) In B, M: "lahum" (for them). (4) In M: "fustuhilla" (became lawful). (5) Meaning: becoming split and decomposed. (6) Extracted by Abd al-Razzaq, in: The chapter on to whom the spoils belong, from the Book of Jihad, Al-Musannaf 5/303. And Ibn Abi Shaybah, in: The chapter on people who arrive after the battle..., from the Book of Jihad, Al-Musannaf 12/410. And Sa'id, in: The chapter on what has been narrated regarding one who arrives after the conquest, from the Book of Jihad, Al-Sunan 2/286. And al-Bayhaqi, in: The chapter on the spoils belonging to those who witnessed the battle, from the Book of Siyar, Al-Sunan al-Kubra 9/50. (7) In: The chapter on one who arrives after the spoils are taken has no share, from the Book of Jihad, Sunan Abi Dawud 2/66, 67. It was also extracted by al-Bukhari, in: The chapter on the Battle of Khaybar, from the Book of Military Expeditions (Maghazi), Sahih al-Bukhari 5/176, 177. And Sa'id ibn Mansur, in: The chapter on what has been narrated regarding one who arrives after the conquest, from the Book of Jihad, Al-Sunan 2/285, 286. And al-Bayhaqi, in: The chapter on reinforcements joining the Muslims, from the Book of the Distribution of Fay' and Spoils, Al-Sunan al-Kubra 6/334. (8) Nahavand: A great city, in the Qibla direction of Hamadhan, three days' distance between them. Mu'jam al-Buldan 4/827.
١٦٥٣ - مسألة؛ قال: (وإذَا أُحْرِزَتِ الْغَنِيمَةُ، لَمْ يَكُنْ فِيها لِمَنْ جَاءَهُمْ مَدَدًا، أَوْ هَرَبَ مِنْ أسْرٍ، حَظٌّ)
وجملةُ ذلك أنَّ الغنيمةَ لمَنْ حَضَرَ (١) الْوَقْعَةَ (٢)، فمَنْ تجَدَّدَ بعدَ ذلك من مَدَدٍ يلْحَقُ بالمسلمين، أو أَسِيرٍ ينْفَلِتُ من الكُفَّارِ، فيَلْحَقُ بِجَيْشِ المسلمين، أو كافِرٍ يُسْلِمُ، فلا حَقَّ له (٣) فيها. وبهذا قال الشافِعِىُّ. وقال أبو حَنيفَةَ فى المدَدِ: إنْ لحِقَهُم قبلَ القِسْمَةِ أو إحْرازِها بدارِ الإِسلامِ، شارَكَهم، لأنَّ تَمامَ مِلْكِها بتَمامِ الاسْتيلاءِ، وهو الإِحْرازُ إلى دارِ الإسلامِ، أو قِسْمَتُها، فمَنْ جاءَ قبلَ ذلك فقد أَدْرَكَها قبلَ مِلْكِها، فاسْتَحَقَّ (٤) منها، كما لو جاءَ فى أثناءِ الحربِ، وإنْ ماتَ أحدٌ من العَسْكَرِ قبلَ ذلك، فلا شىء له؛ لما ذكرنا، وقد روَى الشَّعْبِىُّ، أَنّ عمرَ، رَضِىَ اللهُ عنه، كتَبَ إلى سعدٍ، أسْهِمْ لمَنْ أتاكَ قبلَ أَنْ تَتَفَقَّأَ (٥) قَتْلَى فارِسَ (٦). ولَنا، ما روَى أبو هُرَيْرَةَ، أنّ أبانَ بن سعيدِ بن العاص وأصحابَه، قَدِمُوا على رسولِ اللَّه -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- بخَيْبَرَ، بعدَ أن فَتَحَها، فقال أبانُ: اقْسِمْ لنا يا رسولَ اللَّه. فقال رسولُ اللَّه -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-: "اجْلِسْ يَا أبَانُ". ولم يَقْسِمْ له رسولُ اللَّه -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-. روَاه أبو داوُدَ (٧). وعن طارِقِ بن شِهابٍ، أنَّ أهلَ البصرةِ غَزَوْا نَهاوَنْدَ (٨)، فأمدَّهم أهلُ
(١) فى أ، ب، م: "شهد".(٢) فى م: "الموقعة".(٣) فى ب، م: "لهم".(٤) فى م: "فاستحل".(٥) أى: تتشقق وتتفسخ.(٦) أخرجه عبد الرزاق، فى: باب لمن الغنيمة، من كتاب الجهاد. المصنِّف ٥/ ٣٠٣. وابن أبي شيبة، فى: باب فى القوم يجيئون بعد الوقعة. . .، من كتاب الجهاد. المصنِّف ١٢/ ٤١٠. وسعيد، فى: باب ما جاء فى من يأتى بعد الفتح، من كتاب الجهاد. السنن ٢/ ٢٨٦. والبيهقى، فى: باب الغنيمة لمن شهد الوقعة، من كتاب السير. السنن الكبرى ٩/ ٥٠.(٧) فى: باب فى من جاء بعد الغنيمة لا سهم له، من كتاب الجهاد. سنن أبي داود ٢/ ٦٦، ٦٧.كما أخرجه البخارى، فى: باب غزوة خيبر، من كتاب المغازي. صحيح البخارى ٥/ ١٧٦، ١٧٧. وسعيد بن منصور، فى: باب ما جاء فى من يأتى بعد الفتح، من كتاب الجهاد. السنن ٢/ ٢٨٥، ٢٨٦. والبيهقى، فى: باب المدد يلحق بالمسلمين، من كتاب قسم الفىء والغنيمة. السنن الكبري ٦/ ٣٣٤.(٨) نهاوند: مدينة عظيمة، فى قبلة همذان، بينهما ثلاثة أيَّام. معجم البلدان ٤/ ٨٢٧.
