al-Hajjaj (49) arranged these, requiring them to be sworn upon at the time of the bay'ah (oath of allegiance) and for important matters concerning the Sultan. The bay'ah during the time of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and his Rightly Guided Caliphs, was by shaking hands. But when al-Hajjaj came to power, he arranged them as oaths that encompass swearing by God, divorce, manumission, and giving wealth in charity. Whoever does not know these (oaths), his oath is not established by anything contained within them, because this is not explicit in swearing, and allusion (kinayah) is not valid without intention, and one who does not know a thing cannot possibly intend it. If he knows them but does not intend to establish an oath with what is in them, [it is not valid] either, for the reason we have mentioned. Whoever knows them and intends the oath with what is in them, it is valid regarding divorce and manumission, because an oath by them is established by allusion. As for what is beyond that, such as an oath by God Almighty and other than divorce and manumission, the Qadi said here: His oath is also established because it is an oath, so it is established by the intended allusion, like the oath of divorce and manumission. He said in another place: An oath by God is not established by allusion. This is the school of al-Shafi'i, because expiation is only rendered incumbent for it due to what is mentioned therein of the Great, Respected Name of God, and that is not present in allusion. And God Almighty knows best.
Book of Vows (Al-Nudhur)
(49) Meaning Ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi, the governor of the Umayyads over Iraq and Khurasan; he was known for his severity and tyranny. He died in the year 95 AH. Wafayat al-A'yan 2/29-54. (50) Omitted from: B. (51) In M: "The Mighty (al-'azim)".
رَتَّبها الحجَّاجُ (٤٩) يَسْتَحْلِفُ بها عندَ البَيْعَةِ والأمْرِ المُهِمِّ للسُّلْطانِ. وكانت البَيْعَةُ على عَهْدِ رسول اللَّه -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- وخُلفائِه الرَّاشديِن بالمُصافَحَةِ، فلما وَلِىَ الحجَّاج رَتبَّهَا أيمانًا تَشْتَمِلُ على اليَمينِ باللَّه والطَّلاقِ، والْعَتاقِ، وصَدقَةِ المالِ. فمَنْ لم يَعْرِفْها، لم تَنْعَقِدْ يَمِينُه بشىء ممَّا فيها؛ لأنَّ هذا ليس بصَرِيح فى القَسَمِ، والكِنايةُ لا تَصِحُّ إِلَّا بالنِّيَّة، ومن لم يَعْرِفْ شيئًا لم يَصِحَّ أَنْ يَنْوِيَه. وإن عَرَفَها، ولم يَنْوِ عَقْدَ اليَمِينِ بما فيها [لم يصِحَّ] (٥٠) أيضًا؛ لما ذَكَرْناه. ومن عَرَفَها، وَنوَى اليَمِينَ بما فيها، صَحَّ فى الطَّلاقِ والعَتاقِ؛ لأنَّ اليَمِينَ بها تنْعَقِدُ بالكِنايَةِ، وما عَدَا ذلك من اليَمِينِ باللَّه تعالى، وما عدَا الطَّلاقَ والْعَتاقَ، فقال القاضِى ههُنا: تَنْعَقِدُ يَمِينُه أيضًا؛ لأنَّها يَمِين، فتَنْعَقِدُ بالكِنايَةِ المَنْوية، كيَمِينِ الطَّلاقِ العَتاقِ. وقال فى مَوْضِع آخَرَ: لا تَنْعَقِدُ اليَمِينُ باللَّه بالكِنايَة. وهو مذهبُ الشافِعِىِّ؛ لأنَّ الكفَّارَةَ وَجَبَتْ فيها لما ذُكِرَ فيها من اسْمِ اللَّه المُعَظَّمِ (٥١) المُحْتَرمِ، ولا يُوجَدُ ذلك فى الكِنايَة. واللَّهُ تعالى أعلمُ.
(٤٩) أى ابن يوسف الثقفى، عامل الأمويين على العراق وخراسان، عرف بشدته وعسفه، توفى سنة خمس وتسعين. وفيات الأعيان ٢/ ٢٩ - ٥٤.(٥٠) سقط من: ب.(٥١) فى م: "العظيم".
