the Imam says so. He did not consider it appropriate for the Imam to say that except after the conclusion of the war, based on what has preceded of his school of thought regarding the "nifal" (extra spoils), and they categorized the spoils (al-salab) here as part of the "anfal" (extra spoils). It has been narrated from Ahmad a position similar to theirs, and it is the choice of Abu Bakr. They argued using what 'Awf ibn Malik narrated, that a reinforcement soldier followed them, killed a warrior (ilj), and Khalid took some of his spoils and gave him some. This was mentioned to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), and he said: "Do not give it, O Khalid." Recorded by Sa'id and Abu Dawud (43). I (44) have summarized it. They both recorded with their chains of narration from Shabir ibn 'Alqama, who said: I engaged in a duel with a man on the day of al-Qadisiyyah, I killed him, and I took his spoils. I brought them to Sa'd, and Sa'd gave a speech to his companions and said: "Indeed, this is the spoils of Shabir, worth more than twelve thousand, and we have granted them to him as nifal (extra spoils) (45)." Had it been his right, he would not have needed [to grant it as nifal to him] (46). Furthermore, because 'Umar took the fifth from the spoils of al-Bara', and if it were his right, it would not (47) have been permissible for him to take anything from it. Also, because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) gave the spoils of Abu Qatadah to him without evidence or an oath. Our evidence is the statement of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): "Whoever kills a combatant, he shall have his spoils." This is one of the famous decrees of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), which the Caliphs after him acted upon. The reports they used as evidence indicate this, for 'Awf ibn Malik argued against Khalid when he took the spoils of the reinforcement soldier, and 'Awf said to him: "Do you not know that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) decreed the spoils for the killer?" He said: "Yes." And 'Umar's statement, "We were not used to taxing the spoils by one-fifth," indicates that this is a general decree in every battle and a continuous ruling for every killer. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) only ordered Khalid not to return them to the reinforcement soldier as a punishment, when 'Awf angered him by criticizing Khalid in his presence, and his saying: "I have fulfilled for you what I mentioned to you regarding the command of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)." As for the report of Shabir, Sa'd only carried out for him what the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) had decreed for him, and he called it "nifal" because it is in reality a "nifal," as it is an addition to his share. As for Abu Qatadah, his opponent acknowledged it for him and verified his claim, so it took the status of evidence.
(42) In M: "And he made". (43) Its verification preceded on page 66. (44) In M: "And I". (45) Its verification preceded on page 38. (46) In M: "granted him as nifal". (47) Omitted from: The original, M.
يقولَ الإِمامُ ذلك. ولم يَرَ أنْ يقولَ الإِمامُ ذلك إلَّا بعدَ انْقِضاءِ الحرْبِ، على ما تقدَّمَ من مذهَبِه فى النَّفَلِ، وجَعلُوا (٤٢) السَّلَبَ هاهُنا من جُمْلَةِ الأنْفالِ. وقد رُوِىَ عن أحمد مثلُ قولِهم، وهو اختيارُ أبى بكرٍ. واحتَجُّوا بما روَى عَوْفُ بن مالِك، أنَّ مَدَدِيًّا اتَّبَعَهُمْ، فقَتلَ عِلْجًا، فأخذَ خالدٌ بعضَ سَلَبِه، وأعْطاهُ بعضَه، فذكرَ ذلك لرسولِ اللَّه -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-، فقال: "لَا تُعْطِهِ يَا خَالِدُ" روَاه سعيدٌ، وأبو داوُدَ (٤٣). أنا (٤٤) اخْتَصَرْتُه. ورَويا بإسْنادِهما عن شَبْر بن عَلْقَمةَ، قال: بارَزْتُ رجلًا يومَ القادِسِيَّةِ، فقَتَلْتُه، وأخَذْتُ سَلَبَه، فأَتَيْتُ به سعدًا، فخطَبَ سعدٌ أصحابَه، وقال: إنَّ هذا سَلَبُ شَبْرٍ، خَيْرٌ من اثْنَىْ عَشَرَ ألفًا، وإنَّا قد نَفَلْناه إيَّاه (٤٥). ولو كان حقًّا له، لم يَحْتَجْ إلى [أنْ ينفِّلَه] (٤٦). ولأنَّ عمرَ أخذَ الخُمْسَ من سَلَبِ الْبَراءِ، ولو كان حَقًّا له، لم (٤٧) يَجُزْ أن يأْخُذَ منه شيئًا، ولأنَّ النَّبِىَّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- دَفَعَ سَلَبَ أبى قتادَةَ إليه من غيرِ بيِّنَةٍ ولا يَمينٍ. ولَنا، قولُ النَّبِىِّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-: "مَنْ قَتَلَ قَتِيلًا، فَلَهُ سَلَبُهُ". وهذا من قَضايَا رسولِ اللَّه -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- المَشْهُورَةِ، التى عَمِلَ بها الخُلفاءُ بعدَه، وأخْبارُهم التى احْتَجُّوا بها تدُلُّ على ذلك؛ فإنَّ عَوْفَ بنَ مالِك احْتَجَّ كل خالِدٍ حين أخَذَ سلَبَ الْمَددَيِّ، فقال له عَوْفٌ: أما تَعْلَم أنَّ رسولَ اللَّه -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- قَضَى بالسَّلَبِ للقاتلِ؟ قال: بَلَى. وقول عمرَ: إنّا كُنَّا لا نُخَمِّسُ السَّلَبَ. يُدلُّ على أنَّ هذه قَضِيةٌ عامَّةٌ فى كلِّ غَزْوَةٍ، وحكمٌ مستَمِرٌّ لكلِّ قاتلٍ، وإنَّما أمَرَ النَّبِىُّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- خالدًا أنْ لا يَرُدَّ على المَدَدِيِّ عُقوبةً، حين أغْضَبَهُ عَوْفٌ بتَقْرِيعهِ خالِدًا بين يَدَيْه، وقولُه: قد أنْجَزْتُ لكَ ما ذَكَرْتُ لك مِنْ أمرِ رسولِ اللَّه -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-. وأمّا خبرُ شَبْرٍ، فإنَّما أنْفَذَ له سعدٌ ما قَضَى له به رسولُ اللَّه -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-، وسَمَّاه نَفَلًا، لأنَّه فى الحَقِيقَةِ نَفَلٌ، لأنَّه زيادةٌ على سَهْمِه. وأمَّا أبو قَتادَةَ، فإنَّ خَصْمَه اعْتَرفَ له به، وصدَّقَه، فجرى مَجْرَى البَيِّنَةِ،
(٤٢) فى م: "وجعل".(٤٣) تقدم تخريجه، فى صفحة ٦٦.(٤٤) فى م: "وأنا".(٤٥) تقدم تخريجه، فى صفحة ٣٨.(٤٦) فى م: "نفله".(٤٧) سقط من: الأصل، م.
