whether they will be defeated or not? Moreover, if some of the Muslims were to die before the acquisition, they would not be entitled to anything. Conversely, if reinforcements were found in that state, or a captive escaped and joined the Muslims, or a disbeliever embraced Islam and they fought together, they would be entitled to a share. This indicates that consideration is given to the state at the time of securing the booty, and therefore it is mandatory to consider it exclusively, to the exclusion of any other state.
1644 - Issue; He said: (He is given three shares: one share for himself, and two shares for his horse.)
Most scholars are of the opinion that the booty is divided for the horseman such that he receives three shares: one for himself, and two for his horse, while the foot soldier receives one share. Ibn al-Mundhir said: This is the school of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, al-Hasan, Ibn Sirin, [Habib ibn Abi Thabit], and the generality of the scholars of Islam in the past and the present. Among them are Malik and those who followed him from the people of Medina, al-Thawri and those who agreed with him from the people of Iraq, al-Layth [ibn Sa'd] and those who followed him from the people of Egypt, al-Shafi'i, Ahmad, Ishaq, Abu Thawr, Abu Yusuf, and Muhammad. Abu Hanifa said: For the horse, there is one share, because of what Mujammi' ibn Jariyah narrated, that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) divided Khaybar among the people of Hudaybiyyah, and he gave the horseman two shares, and gave the foot soldier one share. Narrated by Abu Dawud. Furthermore, it is an animal that has a share, so it does not exceed one share, like a human. Our argument is what Ibn Umar narrated, that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) allocated three shares for the horseman on the day of Khaybar: two shares for his horse, and one share for himself. This is agreed upon. And from Abu Ruhm and his brother, that they were two horsemen on the day of Khaybar, and they were given six shares: four shares for their two horses, and two shares for themselves. Narrated by Sa'id ibn Mansur, and from Ibn
(1) In M: "Husayn ibn Thabit". (2) Omitted from: the original, A. (3) In: The chapter on one for whom a share is allocated, from the Book of Jihad. Sunan Abi Dawud 2/69, 70. (4) Reported by al-Bukhari, in: The chapter on the shares of the horse, from the Book of Jihad. Sahih al-Bukhari 4/37. And Muslim, in: The chapter on the manner of dividing booty among those present, from the Book of Jihad and Expeditions. Sahih Muslim 3/1383. It was also reported by Abu Dawud, in: The chapter on the shares of horses, from the Book of Jihad. Sunan Abi Dawud 2/69. And al-Tirmidhi, in: The chapter on the share of the horse, from the Book of Expeditions. 'Aridat al-Ahwadhi 7/43. And Ibn Majah, in: The chapter on the division of spoils, from the Book of Jihad. Sunan Ibn Majah 2/952. And al-Darimi, in: The chapter on the shares of horses, from the Book of Expeditions. Sunan al-Darimi 2/225, 226. (5) In: The chapter on what is stated regarding the shares of horses, from the Book of Jihad. Al-Sunan 2/278. It was also reported by al-Bayhaqi, in: The chapter on what is stated regarding the share of the foot soldier and the horseman, from the Book of the Division of Fay' and Booty. Al-Sunan al-Kubra 6/326.
يُظْفَرُ بهم أو لا؟ ولأنَّه لو ماتَ بعضُ المسلمين قبلَ الاسْتيلاءِ، لم يسْتَحِقَّ شيئًا، ولو وُجِدَ مَدَدٌ فى تلك الحالِ، أو انْفَلَتَ أسيرٌ فلَحِقَ بالمسلمين، أو أسْلَمَ كافرٌ فقاتَلُوا، اسْتَحَقُّوا السهْمَ، فدَلَّ على أنَّ الاعْتبارَ بحالةِ الإِحْرازِ، فوجَبَ اعْتبارُه دُونَ غيرِه.
١٦٤٤ - مسألة؛ قال: (ويُعْطَى ثَلَاثَةَ أسْهُمٍ، سَهْمٌ لَهُ، وسَهْمَانِ لِفَرَسِهِ)
أكثرُ أهلِ العلْمِ على أنَّ الغنيمةَ تُقْسَمُ للفارِسِ منها ثَلاثةُ أَسْهُمٍ؛ سهمٌ له، وسهمان لفَرَسِه، وللراجلِ سهْمٌ. قال ابنُ المنْذِرِ: هذا مذهبُ عمرَ بن عبد العزيز، والحسنِ، وابنِ سِيرِين، [وحَبيبِ بن أبى ثابتٍ] (١)، وعَوامِّ عُلَماءِ الإسلامِ فى القديمِ والحديث؛ منهم مالِك ومَنْ تَبِعَه من أَهلِ المدينةِ، والثَّوْرِىُّ ومَنْ وافَقَه من أهلِ العراقِ، والليثُ [بنُ سعدٍ] (٢) ومَنْ تَبِعَه من أهلِ مصر، والشافِعِىُّ، وأحمدُ، وإسحاقُ، وأبو ثَوْرٍ، وأبو يوسفَ، ومحمدٌ، وقال أبو حنيفة: للفَرَسِ سَهْمٌ واحدٌ؛ لما روَى مُجَمِّعُ بن جَارِية، أنَّ رسولَ اللَّه -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- قسَمَ خَيْبَرَ على أهلِ الحُدَيْبِيَةِ، فأعْطَى الفارِسَ سَهْمَيْن، وأعْطَى الرَّاجِلَ سَهْمًا. روَاه أبو داودَ (٣). ولأنَّه حيوانٌ ذو سَهْمٍ، فلمْ يزدْ على سَهْمٍ، كالآدَمِىّ. ولَنا، ما روَى ابنُ عمرَ، أنَّ رسولَ اللَّه -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- أَسْهَمَ يومَ خَيْبَرَ للفارِسِ ثلاثةَ أسْهُمٍ؛ سَهْمان لفرَسِه، وسهمٌ له. مُتَّفَقٌ عليه (٤). وعن أبى رُهْمٍ وأخيه، أنَّهما كانا فارِسَيْن يومَ خَيْبَرَ، فأُعْطِيا. ستَّةَ أسْهُمٍ، أربعةَ أسْهُمٍ لفَرَسَيْهما، وسَهْمَيْن لهما. رواه سعيد بن منصور (٥)، وعن ابن
(١) فى م: "وحسين بن ثابت".(٢) سقط من: الأصل، أ.(٣) فى: باب من أسهم له سهما، من كتاب الجهاد. سنن أبى داود ٢/ ٦٩، ٧٠.(٤) أخرجه البخارى، فى: باب سهام الفرس، من كتاب الجهاد. صحيح البخارى ٤/ ٣٧. ومسلم، فى: باب كيفية قسمة الغنيمة بين الحاضرين، من كتاب الجهاد والسير. صحيح مسلم ٣/ ١٣٨٣.كما أخرجه أبو داود، فى: باب فى سهمان الخيل، من كتاب الجهاد. سنن أبى داود ٢/ ٦٩. والترمذى، فى: باب فى سهم الخيل، من كتاب السير. عارضة الأحوذى ٧/ ٤٣. وابن ماجه، فى: باب قسمة الغنائم، من كتاب الجهاد. سنن ابن ماجه ٢/ ٩٥٢. والدارمى، فى: باب فى سهمان الخيل، من كتاب السير. سنن الدارمى ٢/ ٢٢٥، ٢٢٦.(٥) فى: باب ما جاء فى سهام الخيل، من كتاب الجهاد. السنن ٢/ ٢٧٨.كما أخرجه البيهقى، فى: باب ما جاء فى سهم الراجل والفارس، من كتاب قسم الفىء والغنيمة. السنن الكبرى ٦/ ٣٢٦.
