the treacherous man or treacherous woman as being limited to the trusts of people, but rather all that Allah the Almighty has obligated upon the servants to fulfill or to avoid, both the minor and major aspects of it. Allah the Almighty said: "Indeed, We offered the Trust to the heavens and the earth and the mountains..." (20). It has been narrated from Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, that he said: "A person is not to be captured without just witnesses" (22). Furthermore, because the religion of a transgressor (fasiq) does not restrain him from committing the prohibitions of the religion, it is not trusted that it would restrain him from lying, and thus no trust is placed in his report. Once this is established, transgression (fusooq) is of two types: the first is in terms of actions, and we know of no disagreement regarding the rejection of his testimony. The second is in terms of creed, which is the belief in innovation (bid'ah), and this also necessitates the rejection of testimony. This is the opinion of Malik, Sharik, Ishaq, Abu 'Ubayd, and Abu Thawr. Sharik said (23): There are four whose testimony is not permissible: a Rafidi who claims that he has an Imam whose obedience is mandatory; a Khariji who claims that the world is a domain of war (dar harb); a Qadari who claims that the will belongs to him (the human); and a Murji'i. He rejected the testimony of Ya'qub (24) and said: Shall I not reject the testimony of a group that claims that prayer is not part of faith? Abu Hamid (26), from the companions of al-Shafi'i, said: Those who hold differing views are of three types: one type is those who differ in secondary matters (furu'), and these are not declared transgressors for that, nor is their testimony rejected. The Companions differed in secondary matters, as did those who came after them from the Successors (Tabi'in). The second is those whom we declare transgressors but not unbelievers; this is one who reviles kin, like the Khawarij, or reviles the Companions, like the Rafidah, so their testimony is not accepted for that reason. The third is those whom we declare unbelievers; this is one who speaks of the createdness of the Quran, denies the Beatific Vision, or attributes the divine will to himself; thus, his testimony is not accepted. Qadi Abu Ya'la mentioned exactly the same. He said: