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Al-Mughni by Ibn Qudama - Edited by Al-Turki
Volume 14 · Page 242Section

Translation · EN

Section: If one of them testifies that he sold yesterday, and the other testifies that he sold today, or if one of them testifies that he divorced her yesterday, and the other testifies that he divorced her today, our companions said: The testimony is completed. Al-Shafi'i said: It is not completed; because each one of the sale and the divorce was testified to by only one person, it is similar to if they testified to usurpation at two [different] times. The perspective of our companions' view is that the matter testified to is one thing, which is permissible to be repeated one time after another and remain one, so their disagreement regarding the time is not a disagreement regarding the matter itself, so it has no effect, just as if one of them testified in Arabic and the other in Persian.

Section: The same ruling applies to every testimony regarding a statement (qawl); the ruling for it is like the ruling for a sale, except for marriage, for it is like an act. So if one of them testifies that he married her yesterday, and the other testifies that he married her today, the testimony is not completed, according to all of their opinions; because the marriage of yesterday is not the marriage of today, so each of the two contracts was testified to by only one witness, so it is not established, just as if the testimony were regarding an act. The same applies to slander (qadhf); the testimony is not completed unless they testify to a single instance of slander.

Section: If one of them testifies that he usurped this slave from him, and the other testifies that he acknowledged his usurpation from him, the testimony is completed and judgment is rendered by it; because it is possible that the usurpation which he acknowledged is the same one the witness testified to, so the act has not differed, and the testimony is completed, just as if they both testified at two different times to his acknowledgment of the usurpation. The Qadi said: The testimony is not completed, and no judgment is rendered by it. This is the opinion of al-Shafi'i; because it is possible that what he acknowledged is different from what the witness testified to. This is refuted by testimony regarding two acknowledgments; for it is possible that what he acknowledged before one of the two witnesses is different from what he acknowledged before the other, if they were at two different times. Also, because when it is possible to attribute the testimony to one thing, it is not attributed to two, like the two acknowledgments, and as if two people testified to the usurpation and two people testified to the acknowledgment of it. If one of them testifies that he usurped this slave from Zayd, or that he acknowledged his usurpation from him, and the other testifies that he is the property of Zayd, their testimony is not completed; because they have not testified to one thing. If he testifies that he took it from his hands, the judge obligates him.

Notes

(10) In M, there is an addition: "the one". (11) In M: "usurped". (12) In the original: "for Zayd".

Arabic (Source)

فصل: فإن شهِدَ أحدُهما أنَّه باعَ أمْسِ، وشهِدَ الآخَرُ، أنَّه باعَ اليومَ، أو شهِدَ أحدُهما أنَّه طلَّقَها أمْسِ، وشهِدَ الآخَرُ أنَّه طَلَّقَها اليومَ، فقال أصْحابُنا: تَكْمُلُ الشَّهادةُ. وقال الشافعىُّ: لا تَكْمُلُ؛ لأنَّ كلَّ واحدٍ من البَيْعِ والطَّلاقِ لم يَشْهَدْ به إِلَّا واحدٌ، أشْبَهَ ما لو شهِدَ بالغَصْب فى وَقْتَيْنِ. ووَجْهُ قولِ أصْحابِنا، أَنَّ المشْهودَ به شىءٌ واحدٌ، يجوزُ أن يُعادَ مَرَّةً بعدَ أُخْرَى، ويكونَ واحدًا، فاخْتلافُهما فى الوقتِ ليس باخْتلافٍ فيه، فلم يُؤَثِّرْ، كما لو شهِدَ أحدُهما بالعربيَّةِ والآخَرُ بالفارِسيَّةِ.

فصل: وكذلك الحُكمُ فى كلِّ شهادةٍ على قولٍ، فالحكمُ فيه كالحكمِ فى البَيْعِ، إِلَّا النِّكاحَ، فإنَّه كالفِعْلِ (١٠). فإذا شهِدَ أحدُهما أنَّه تزوَّجَها أمْس، وشهِدَ الآخَرُ أنَّه تزوَّجَها اليومَ، لم تَكْمُلِ الشَّهادةُ، فى قولِهم جميعًا؛ لأنَّ النِّكاحَ أمْس غيرُ النِّكاحِ اليومَ، فلم يَشْهَدْ بكلِّ واحدٍ من العَقْدَيْنِ إلا شاهِدٌ واحِدٌ، فلم يثْبُتْ، كما لو كانتِ الشَّهادةُ على فعلٍ، وكذلك القَذْفُ، فإنَّه لا تَكْمُلُ الشهادةُ إِلَّا أَنْ يَشْهدَا على قَذْفٍ واحدٍ.

فصل: فإن شَهِدَأحدُهما أنَّه غَصَبَهُ (١١) هذا العبدَ، وشهدَ الآخَرُ أنَّه أقَرَّ بغَصْبِه منه، كَمَلَتِ الشَّهادةُ، وحُكِمَ بها؛ لأنَّه يجوزُ أن يكونَ الغَصْبُ الذى أقَرَّ به هو الذى شهِدَ الشَّاهِدُ به، فلم يخْتَلِفِ الفعلُ، كمَلَتِ الشَّهادةُ، كما لو شَهِدَا فى وَقْتيْنِ على إقرارِه بالغَصْبِ. وقال القاضى: لا تَكْمُلُ الشهادةُ، ولا يُحْكَمُ بها. وهو قولُ الشافعىِّ؛ لأنَّه يجوزُ أن يكونَ ما أقَرَّ به غيرَ ما شهِدَ به الشَّاهِدُ. وهذا يَبْطُلُ بالشهادةِ على إقْرارَيْنِ؛ فإنَّه يجوزُ أن يكونَ ما أقَرَّ به عندَ أحدِ الشَّاهَدِيْنِ غيرَ ما أقرَّ به عند الآخَرِ، إذا كانا فى وَقْتيْنِ مُخْتلِفَيْن، ولأنَّه إذا أمْكَنَ جَعْلُ الشَّهادةِ على واحدٍ، لم تُحْمَلْ على اثْنَيْنِ، كالإقْرارَيْنِ، وكما لو شهِدَ بالغَصْب اثنان، وشهِدَ على الإِقْرارِ به اثنان. وإن شهِدَ أحدُهما أنَّه غَصَبَ هذا العبدَ من زيد، أَو أنَّه أقَرَّ بغَصْبِه منه، وشهِدَ الآخَرُ أنَّه مِلْكُ زَيْدٍ (١٢)، لم تكْمُلْ شَهادتُهما؛ لأنَّهما لم يَشْهدَا على شىءٍ واحدٍ. وإن شهِدَ أنَّه أخذَه من يَدَيْه، ألْزمَه الحاكِمُ

Notes

(١٠) فى م زيادة: "الواحد".(١١) فى م: "غصب".(١٢) فى الأصل: "لزيد".

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