Book of Tadbir (Conditional Emancipation upon Death)
The meaning of tadbir is to suspend the emancipation of one's slave upon one's death. Al-wafat (death) is the 'dubar' (latter part) of life; it is said: 'Dabara al-rajulu yudabiru mudabarah' (the man acted in a way that leads to a result after the event). When he dies, emancipation after death is called tadbir because it is an emancipation in the 'dubar' (latter part) of life. The basis for it is the Sunnah and the consensus (ijma'). As for the Sunnah, it is what Jabir narrated, that a man emancipated a slave of his conditional upon his death, and he was in need, so the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) said: 'Who will buy him from me?' He sold him to Nu'aym ibn 'Abd Allah for eight hundred dirhams and gave them to him, and he said: 'You are in more need of it than he is.' This is agreed upon. As for the consensus, Ibn al-Mundhir said: Everyone I remember from among the scholars has agreed that whoever grants tadbir to his slave or slave-girl and does not revoke it until he dies, the mudabbar (slave granted tadbir) shall be released from one-third of his estate, after the fulfillment of any debts he may have owed and the execution of his wills if he had made any, provided the master was an adult of sound judgment; freedom is then due to him or her.
1967 - Issue: He said: (And if he says to his slave or slave-girl: 'You are a mudabbar,' or 'I have granted you tadbir,'
(1) In the original: "'itaq". (2) Omitted from: B. (3) In the original: "yashrihi". (4) Recorded by Al-Bukhari, in: The Chapter on Bidding in Sales, from the Book of Sales; and in: The Chapter on Whoever Sells the Property of a Bankrupt..., from the Book of Loans; and in: The Chapter on Emancipating the Mudabbar..., from the Book of Expiations; and in: The Chapter on If One is Coerced into Gifting..., from the Book of Coercion. Sahih al-Bukhari 3/91, 156, 8/181, 182, 9/27. And Muslim, in: The Chapter on Prioritizing Oneself in Charity..., from the Book of Zakat; and in: The Chapter on the Permissibility of Selling a Mudabbar, from the Book of Oaths. Sahih Muslim 2/692, 693, 3/1289. It was also recorded by Abu Dawud, in: The Chapter on Selling a Mudabbar, from the Book of Emancipation. Sunan Abi Dawud 2/352. And Al-Tirmidhi, in: The Chapter on What Has Been Reported Regarding the Sale of a Mudabbar, from the Chapters on Sales. 'Aridat al-Ahwadhi 5/225. And Al-Nasa'i, in: The Chapter on the Sale of a Mudabbar, from the Book of Sales. Al-Mujtaba 7/267. And Imam Ahmad, in: Al-Musnad 3/305, 308, 369. See what has been previously recorded in: 9/124.
كتاب التَّدْبِير
ومعنى التَّدْبِيرِ: تَعْلِيقُ عِتْقِ عَبْدِه بمَوْتِه. والوَفاةُ دُبُرُ الحياةِ، يقال: دابَرَ الرَّجُلُ يُدابِرُ مُدابَرَةً. إذا ماتَ، فسُمِّىَ العِتْقُ بعدَ الموتِ تَدْبِيرًا؛ لأَنَّه إعْتاقٌ (١) فى دُبُرِ الحياةِ. والأصْلُ فيه السُّنّةُ والإِجْماعُ؛ أمَّا السُّنَّةُ، فما رَوَى جابرٌ، أَنَّ رجلًا أعْتَقَ مملوكًا له عن دُبُرٍ منه (٢) فاحْتاجِ، فقال رسولُ اللَّه -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم-: "مَنْ يَشْتَرِيهِ (٣) مِنِّى". فبَاعَه من نُعَيمِ بنِ عبدِ اللَّه بثَمانِمائةِ دِرْهَمٍ، فدَفَعَها إليه. وقال: "أنْتَ أحْوَجُ مِنْهُ". مُتَّفَقٌ عليه (٤). وأمَّا الإِجْماعُ، فقال ابن المُنْذِرِ: أجْمَعَ كلُّ مَنْ أحْفَظُ عنه من أهلِ العلمِ، على أَنَّ مَنْ دَبَّرَ عَبْدَه أو أمَتَه، ولم يَرْجِعْ عن ذلك حتَّى ماتَ، والمُدَبَّرُ يَخْرُجُ من ثُلثِ مالِه، بعدَ قَضَاءِ دَيْنٍ إن كان عليه، وإنفاذِ وَصَاياهُ إن كان وَصَّى، وكان السَّيِّدُ بالِغًا جائِزَ الأمرِ، أنَّ الحُرِّيَّةَ تَجِبُ له أو لها.
١٩٦٧ - مسألة؛ قال: (وَإِذَا قَالَ لِعَبدِهِ أَوْ أمَتِهِ: أنْتَ مُدبَّرٌ، أَوْ قَدْ دَبَّرْتُكَ،
(١) فى الأصل: "عتاق".(٢) سقط من: ب.(٣) فى الأصل: "يشريه".(٤) أخرجه البخارى، فى: باب بيع المزايدة، من كتاب البيوع، وفى: باب من باع مال المفلس. . .، من كتاب الاستقراض، وفى: باب عتق المدبر. . .، من كتاب الكفارات، وفى: باب إذا أكره حتى وهب. . .، من كتاب الإكراه. صحيح البخارى ٣/ ٩١، ١٥٦، ٨/ ١٨١، ١٨٢، ٩/ ٢٧. ومسلم، فى: باب الابتداء فى النفقة بالنفس. . .، من كتاب الزكاة، وفى: باب جواز بيع المدبر، من كتاب الأيمان. صحيح مسلم ٢/ ٦٩٢، ٦٩٣، ٣/ ١٢٨٩.كما أخرجه أبو داود، فى: باب فى بيع المدبر، من كتاب العتق. سنن أبى داود ٢/ ٣٥٢. والترمذى، فى: باب ما جاء فى بيع المدبر، من أبواب البيوع. عارضة الأحوذى ٥/ ٢٢٥. والنسائى، فى: باب بيع المدبر، من كتاب البيوع. المجتبى ٧/ ٢٦٧. والإِمام أحمد، فى: المسند ٣/ ٣٠٥، ٣٠٨، ٣٦٩. وانظر ما تقدم تخريجه، فى: ٩/ ١٢٤.
