{أَقِمِ الصَّلَاةَ لِدُلُوكِ الشَّمْسِ} (١٩). And the command implies obligation immediately. Furthermore, the entry of the time is the cause for the obligation, so its ruling is established upon its existence. Also, the intention of the obligatory prayer is a condition for it, and if it were not [obligatory], it would be valid without the intention of the obligatory, like a voluntary prayer. It differs from the voluntary prayer, for that does not require such, and it is permissible to leave it without intending to perform it, whereas this [prayer] may only be delayed with the intention of performing it, just as the Maghrib prayer is delayed on the night of Muzdalifah from its time, and just as other prayers are delayed from their time when one is occupied with fulfilling its condition.
Section: Its obligation is established by that which it became obligatory through. If one attains a portion of the beginning of its time and then becomes insane, or a woman begins her menses, [it becomes incumbent upon her to make it up if she is able]. Al-Shāfiʿī and Isḥāq said: It is not established except by the passing of a duration of time in which it is possible to perform it, and making it up is not obligatory for less than that. Abū ʿAbd Allāh ibn Baṭṭah chose this view because he did not attain from the time that which would allow him to pray in it, so making it up is not obligatory, just as if the excuse occurred before the entry of (22) the time. Our evidence is that it is a prayer that became obligatory upon him, so making it up is obligatory if he misses it, like that which he was able to perform. It differs from that for which the excuse occurred before the entry of its time, for it did not become obligatory, and analogizing the obligatory to other than it is not correct.
110 - Issue; He said: (And when the shadow of everything becomes equal to it, that is the end of its time.)
He means that when the shade increases beyond what the sun had declined upon by the measure of the length of the person's shadow, that is the end of the time for the Zhuhr prayer. Al-Athram said: It was said to Abū ʿAbd Allāh: What is the end of the time for the Zhuhr prayer? He said: That the shadow becomes equal to it. It was said to him: When is the shadow equal to it? He said: When the sun declines, and the shadow after the decline is equal to it, that is it.
Knowing this is by recording what the sun had declined upon, then looking at the increase upon it, for if
