His statement: "Like the individual who doubts his prayer, so he does not know how much he has prayed, so he builds upon certainty." We have already mentioned that the apparent view of the madhhab is that the individual builds upon certainty. This means that he considers what he is certain he has performed of the rak'ahs, completes his prayer upon that basis, and disregards what he has doubted. Just as the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) said in the hadith of ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Awf: "If one of you doubts between two and one, let him count it as one. If he doubts between two and three, let him count them as two. If he doubts between three and four, let him count it as three. Then let him complete what remains of his prayer, even if the uncertainty is in the addition. Then let him perform two prostrations while sitting before he performs the taslim." Ibn Majah narrated it (14) in this manner. It makes no difference whether his dominant assumption (ghalabatu al-zann) leans toward the contrary or not, unless this uncertainty becomes like obsessive whispering (waswas). Ibn Abi Musa said: If forgetfulness increases until it becomes like obsessive whispering, then disregard it. We have already mentioned that there is another report regarding the individual, which is that he builds upon his dominant assumption. The correct view in the madhhab is that which al-Khiraqi (may Allah have mercy on him) mentioned. The ruling for the Imam if he builds upon certainty is that he prostrates before the taslim, like the individual. If the individual exercises discretionary effort (taharri) according to the other report, he prostrates after the taslim.

Section: His statement: "Or he stands up in a place of sitting, or sits in a place of standing." The majority of scholars hold the view that one must prostrate for this. Among those who said this are Ibn Mas'ud, Qatadah, al-Thawri, al-Shafi'i, Ishaq, and the People of Opinion (Ashab al-Ra'y). Alqamah and al-Aswad used to sit in the place where one should stand, and stand in the place where one should sit, and they would not prostrate. Our evidence is the statement of the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace): "If one of you forgets, let him perform two prostrations." He also said: "If a man adds or decreases, let him perform two prostrations." Muslim narrated both (15) from Ibn Mas'ud, from the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace).