maintaining the impurity along with knowledge of it for a long duration, or he performs excessive movement in the prayer, by which the prayer is invalidated. Thus, he becomes like the naked person who finds the covering at a distance from him.

Section: If an impurity falls upon him, then it departs from him, or he removes it immediately, his prayer is not invalidated; because the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), when he learned of the impurity in his sandals, took them off and completed his prayer, and because a small amount of impurity is pardoned, so a small duration of it is pardoned, just like uncovering the nakedness ('awrah). This is the school of al-Shafi'i.

Section: If he prays on a handkerchief, the end of which is impure, or there is a rope beneath his foot that is tied to an impurity, and what he is praying upon is pure, his prayer is valid, regardless of whether the impure thing moves with his movement or does not move, because he is not carrying the impurity, nor is he praying upon it; rather, his place of prayer is merely connected to it, similar to if he prayed on a piece of pure land connected to an impure piece of land. Some of our companions said: If the impure thing moves with his movement, his prayer is not valid. The relied-upon view is what we have mentioned. As for if the rope or handkerchief is attached to him, such that it is dragged along with him when he walks, his prayer is not valid; because he is the one causing it to follow him, so he is like one carrying it. If he has in his hand or on his waist a rope tied to an impurity, or an impure animal, or a small boat containing an impurity that drags along with him when he walks, his prayer is not valid; because he is causing it to follow him, [so he is like one carrying it] (11). If the boat is large such that he cannot drag it, or the animal is large such that he is unable to drag it when it is recalcitrant, his prayer is not invalidated; because he is not causing it to follow him. The Qadi said: This is if the tying is to a pure place; if it were tied to an impure place, his prayer would be invalidated; because he is carrying that which is in contact with the impurity. The more correct view is that his prayer is not invalidated; because he does not have the power to make what is in contact with the impurity follow him, so it is similar to if he were holding a large boat containing an impurity, or a branch of a tree upon which there is an impurity.

Section: If he carries a pure animal or a child during the prayer, his prayer is not invalidated; because the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) prayed while carrying Umamah, daughter of Abu al-'As. It is agreed upon (12). And al-Hasan