If it is possible for him to stand, but he fears an increase in his illness by doing so, or a delay in his recovery, or if it causes him severe hardship, he may pray sitting. Malik and Ishaq said the same. Maymun ibn Mihran (5) said: If he is unable to stand for his worldly affairs, he should pray sitting. Something similar was reported from Ahmad. Our evidence is the saying of Allah the Almighty: {And [He] has not placed upon you in the religion any difficulty} (6). Requiring standing in this situation is a difficulty. Also, the Prophet (peace be upon him) prayed sitting when his right side was grazed (7), and the apparent reality is that he was not completely unable to stand, but when standing became difficult for him, it was waived for him; therefore, it is waived for others as well. When he prays sitting, his sitting should be in the manner of the sitting of one performing voluntary prayer, sitting as we have mentioned.

Section: If he is able to stand by leaning on a cane, or supporting himself against a wall, or relying on one of his sides, he must do so; because he is capable of standing without harm, so it is obligatory for him, just as if he were capable without these aids.

Section: If he is able to stand, but it would be in the posture of a bowing person, like one who is hunchbacked, or someone in a room with a low ceiling where he cannot exit, or on a ship, or he is in fear and is not safe from being detected (8) if he lifts his head; if this is due to a hunchback or old age, the standing of someone like him is obligatory (9). If it is for another reason, it is possible that standing is required, by analogy to the hunchbacked person.