three: Tayammum (dry ablution), consuming carrion in extreme hunger, and supererogatory prayer on a mount. The remainder of the concessions are restricted to long journeys: shortening [the prayer], breaking the fast, combining [prayers], and wiping [over footwear] for three [days and nights].
Section: The ruling for prayer on a mount is the same as the ruling for prayer during fear, in that one gestures for bowing (ruku') and prostration (sujud), and makes the prostration lower than the bowing. Jabir said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) sent me on an errand, and I came to him while he was praying on his mount toward the east, and the prostration was lower than the bowing. Collected by Abu Dawud (8). It is permissible to pray on a camel, a donkey, and others. Ibn 'Umar said: I saw the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) praying on a donkey while he was heading toward Khaybar. Collected by Abu Dawud and al-Nasa'i (10). However, if he prays on an impure animal, there must be a pure barrier between them.
Section: If he is on a mount in a spacious place, such as one alone in an 'Ammariyyah (howdah) (11) who can turn within it as he wishes and is able to perform the prayer facing the Qiblah with bowing and prostration, he must face the Qiblah in his prayer and prostrate upon whatever he is on if that is possible for him, because he is like the passenger of a ship. If he is able to face the Qiblah but unable to bow and prostrate, he should face the Qiblah and gesture for them. This was explicitly stated by him (12). Abu al-Hasan al-Amidi said: It is possible that he is not obligated to perform any of
(6) Omitted from [ms] M. (7) A completion that rounds out the context. (8) In: Chapter on voluntary prayer on a mount and the Witr, from the Book of Prayer. Sunan Abi Dawud 1/279. It was also collected by al-Tirmidhi, in: Chapter on what has come regarding prayer on an animal wherever it turns with him, from the Chapters of Prayer. 'Aridat al-Ahwadhi 2/146, 147. And Imam Ahmad, in: al-Musnad 3/300, 308, 330, 332, 334, 379, 389. (9) Omitted from [ms] M. (10) Collected by Abu Dawud, in: Chapter on voluntary prayer on a mount and the Witr, from the Book of Prayer. Sunan Abi Dawud 1/279. And al-Nasa'i, in: Chapter on prayer on a donkey, from the Book of Mosques. Al-Mujtaba 2/47. It was also collected by Imam Malik, in: Chapter on supererogatory prayer while traveling by day and night and prayer on an animal, from the Book of Travel. Al-Muwatta' 1/150, 151. And Imam Ahmad, in: al-Musnad 2/7, 49, 57, 75, 83, 128. (11) Al-'Ammariyyah: A howdah (litter) carried on an animal. See: Dozy's Dictionary. (12) Meaning: Imam Ahmad.
