God made it obligatory upon him.
271 - Issue: He said: "The traveler is permitted to complete [the prayer] and to shorten it, just as he is permitted to fast or break his fast."
The famous position from Ahmad is that if the traveler wishes, he prays two rak‘ahs, and if he wishes, he completes it. It is also narrated that he [Ahmad] hesitated, saying: "I prefer safety from this issue." Among those who were narrated to have permitted completing the prayer while traveling are Uthman, Sa‘d ibn Abi Waqqas, Ibn Mas‘ud, Ibn ‘Umar, and ‘A’ishah, may God be pleased with them. This is the opinion of al-Awza‘i, al-Shafi‘i, and it is the famous position from Malik. Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman said: "He is not permitted to complete the prayer while traveling," which is the position of al-Thawri and Abu Hanifah. Hammad deemed it obligatory for the one who completes the prayer to repeat it. The proponents of opinion [Ashab al-Ra’y] said: "If he sat after the two rak‘ahs for the duration of the tashahhud, his prayer is valid; otherwise, it is not valid." ‘Umar ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz said: "Prayer in travel is two rak‘ahs definitively; nothing else is acceptable." It is narrated from Ibn ‘Abbas that he said: "Whoever prays four in travel is like one who prays two in residency." They argued that prayer in travel is two rak‘ahs based on the statement of ‘Umar, ‘A’ishah, and Ibn ‘Abbas, as we have mentioned. It is narrated from Safwan ibn Muhriz that he asked Ibn ‘Umar about prayer in travel, and he replied: "Two rak‘ahs; whoever opposes the Sunnah has disbelieved." And because the two additional rak‘ahs are permitted to be left out without a replacement, it is not permitted to increase them upon the two obligatory rak‘ahs, just as one would not add them to the dawn prayer. As for us, we rely on the word of God, the Almighty: "And when you travel throughout the land, there is no blame upon you for shortening the prayer, [especially] if you fear that those who disbelieve may disrupt [or attack] you," and this indicates that shortening is a concession.
(2) In [Manuscripts] A and M: "upon them." It was recorded by Imam Ahmad in al-Musnad 6/241, and by al-Bayhaqi in the chapter: The Completion of Maghrib during Travel and Residency and that There is No Shortening in It, from the Book of Prayer, Al-Sunan al-Kubra 3/145. (1) Recorded by ‘Abd al-Razzaq in the chapter: Prayer During Travel, from the Book of Prayer, Al-Musannaf 2/520.
افْتَرَضَها اللهُ عليه (٢).
٢٧١ - مسألة؛ قال: (ولِلْمُسَافِرِ أنْ يُتِمَّ ويَقْصُرَ، كَمَا لَهُ أنْ يَصُومَ ويُفْطِرَ.)
المَشْهُورُ عن أحمدَ، أنَّ المُسَافِرَ إن شاءَ صَلَّى رَكْعَتَيْنِ، وإن شَاءَ أَتَمَّ. وَرُوِىَ عنه أنَّه تَوَقَّفَ، وقال: أنا أُحِبُّ العَافِيَةَ من هذه المَسْألةِ. وممن رُوِىَ عنه الإِتْمامُ في السَّفَرِ: عُثْمَانُ، وسَعْدُ بنُ أبى وَقَّاص، وابنُ مَسعودٍ، وابنُ عمرَ، وعائشةُ رَضِىَ اللهُ عنهم. وبه قال الأوْزاعِىُّ، والشَّافِعِىُّ، وهو المَشْهُورُ عن مالِكٍ. وقال حَمَّادُ بنُ أبى سليمانَ: ليس له الإِتْمَامُ في السَّفَرِ. وهو قَوْلُ الثَّوْرِىِّ، وأبى حَنِيفَةَ. وأوْجَبَ حَمَّادٌ الإِعادةَ على مَن أتَمَّ. وقال أصْحابُ الرَّأْىِ: إن كان جَلَسَ بعد الرَّكْعَتَيْنِ قَدْرَ التَّشَهُّدِ، فصَلَاتُه صَحِيحَةٌ، وإلَّا لم تَصِحَّ. وقال عمرُ بنُ عبدِ العزيزِ: الصَّلَاةُ في السَّفَر رَكْعَتَانِ حَتْمٌ، لا يَصْلُحُ غَيْرُهما. وَرُوِىَ عن ابنِ عَبَّاسٍ أنَّه قال: مَن صَلَّى في السَّفَرِ أَرْبَعًا فهو كمَن صَلَّى في الحَضَرِ رَكْعَتَيْنِ. واحْتَجُّوا بأنَّ صَلَاةَ السَّفَرِ رَكْعَتَانِ بِدَلِيلِ قَوْلِ عمرَ، وعائشةَ، وابنِ عَبَّاسٍ، على ما ذَكَرْنَاهُ. وَرُوِىَ عن صَفْوَانَ بنِ مُحْرِزٍ، أنَّه سَأَلَ ابْنَ عمرَ عن الصلاةِ في السَّفَرِ، فقال: رَكْعَتَانِ، فمَن خَالَفَ السُّنَّةَ كَفَرَ (١)، ولأنَّ الرَّكْعَتَيْنِ الْأُخرَيَيْن يَجُوزُ تَرْكُهما إلى غير بَدَلٍ، فلم تَجُزْ زِيَادَتُهما على الرَّكْعَتَيْنِ المَفْرُوضَتَيْنِ، كما لو زَادَهما على صلاةِ الفَجْرِ. ولنَا، قَوْلُ اللهِ تعالى: {فَلَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَنْ تَقْصُرُوا مِنَ الصَّلَاةِ إِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَنْ يَفْتِنَكُمُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا} وهذا يَدُلُّ على أنَّ القَصْرَ رُخْصَةٌ
(٢) في أ، م: "عليهم".وأخرجه الإِمام أحمد، في: المسند ٦/ ٢٤١. والبيهقي، في: باب إتمام المغرب في السفر والحضر وأن لا قصر فيها، من كتاب الصلاة. السنن الكبرى ٣/ ١٤٥.(١) أخرجه عبد الرزاق، في: باب الصلاة في السفر، من كتاب الصلاة. المصنف ٢/ ٥٢٠.
