Section: If one says: "I sold you a qafiz from this heap except for a makuk," it is permissible because the qafiz is known and the makuk is known, so it does not lead to ignorance. If he says: "I sold you this fruit for four dirhams, except for the amount of one dirham," it is valid because its amount is known from the sold item, which is one-fourth; it is as if he said: "I sold you three-quarters of this fruit for four dirhams." If he said: "Except for what is equivalent to a dirham," it is not valid because what is equivalent to a dirham might be a fourth, or more, or less, thus it becomes unknown and the sale is void.

Section: If one sells a herd and excludes a specific sheep from it, it is valid. If he excludes a non-specific sheep, it is not valid. Ahmad explicitly stated this, and this is the opinion of the majority of scholars. Malik said: It is valid to sell one hundred sheep except for a sheep he selects, or to sell the fruit of his orchard and exclude the fruit of specific palm trees he counts. Our evidence is that the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) prohibited thunya (exclusion) unless it is known, and he prohibited the sale of gharar (uncertainty). Also, because it is an unknown sold item, and the item from which the exclusion is made is unknown, it is not valid, just as if one said: "except for an unspecified sheep." It is an unknown sold item, so it is not valid, just as if one said: "I sold you a sheep you select from the herd." The principle of this chapter is that it is not valid to exclude what cannot be sold individually, nor to sell what is other than it separately from the excluded part. The school of Abu Hanifa and al-Shafi'i is similar to this, except that our companions excluded from this the fallen parts (sawaqit) of the sheep and its skin due to the tradition reported regarding it. The case is carried on the narration of permissibility due to the action of Ibn Umar, while everything other than this remains on the original rule.

Section: If one sells an edible animal and excludes its head, skin, limbs, and fallen parts, it is valid. Ahmad explicitly stated this. Malik said: It is valid while traveling but not while residing, because the traveler cannot benefit from the skin and fallen parts, so he permitted him to buy the meat without them.