with a woman and her daughter, and Abu Bakr gave him the daughter as a share of spoils, then the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, asked him to give her to him (44), and he gave her to him (45). And Maria and her sister Sirin were gifted to the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, so the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, gave Sirin to Hassan ibn Thabit and kept Maria for himself (46). Furthermore, because after puberty, one becomes independent, and the custom is to differentiate between free individuals; for a woman may marry off her daughter, and a free woman is separated from her child if the parents separate.
Section: If one purchases from a person whose wealth contains both forbidden and permitted elements, such as an oppressive ruler or a usurer, if he knows that the item sold is from the permitted portion of his wealth, it is permitted. If he knows that it is forbidden, it is forbidden, and the buyer's claim regarding it is not accepted in a legal ruling, because the default principle is that what is in a person's possession belongs to them. If he does not know which of the two it is, we deem it disliked because of the possibility of it being forbidden, yet the sale does not become void due to the possibility of it being permitted, regardless of whether the forbidden portion is small or large. This is what constitutes a doubtful matter (shubha), and the degree of doubt increases or decreases in proportion to the amount of the forbidden element. Ahmad said: It does not please me for him to consume from it, based on what Nu'man ibn Bashir narrated, that the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said: "The halal is clear and the haram is clear, and between them are doubtful matters which many people do not know. Whoever avoids the doubtful matters clears himself for his religion and his honor, and whoever falls into the doubtful matters falls into the haram, like a shepherd grazing around a sanctuary, about to graze within it. Verily, every king has a sanctuary, and the sanctuary of Allah is His prohibitions." Agreed upon (49). And this is
(44) Omitted from: M. (45) Extracted by Muslim, in: The Chapter on giving a share of spoils and ransoming Muslims with captives, from the Book of Military Expeditions. Sahih Muslim 3/1375, 1376. And Abu Dawud, in: The Chapter on the concession regarding those who have reached [puberty]..., from the Book of Jihad. Sunan Abi Dawud 2/58, 59. And Ibn Majah, in: The Chapter on ransoming captives, from the Book of Jihad. Sunan Ibn Majah 2/949. (46) Extracted by al-Bukhari, in: The Chapter on what was mentioned regarding the Prophet's letter to al-Muqawqis. Dala'il al-Nubuwwah 4/395, 396. And mentioned by al-Zayla'i, in The Chapter on corrupt sale, from the Book of Sales. Nasb al-Rayah 4/28, 29. (47) In the original: "his knowledge". (48) In the original: "that". (49) Extracted by al-Bukhari, in: The Chapter on the merit of one who clears himself for his religion, from the Book of Faith, and in: The Chapter on the halal is clear and the haram is clear..., from the Book of Sales. Sahih al-Bukhari 1/20, 3/69, 70. And Muslim, in: The Chapter on taking the halal
بامْرَأةٍ وابْنَتِها، فنَفَّلَه أبو بكرٍ ابْنَتَها، فاسْتَوْهَبَها مِنه (٤٤) النَّبِىُّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-، فوَهَبَها له (٤٥). وأُهْدِىَ إلى النَّبىِّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- مارِيَةُ، وأخْتُها سِيرِينُ، فأعْطَى النَّبىُّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- سِيرِينَ لحَسّانَ بن ثابِتٍ، وتَرَكَ مارِيَةَ له (٤٦). ولأنَّه بعدَ البُلُوغِ يَصِيرُ مُسْتَقِلًّا بنَفْسِه، والعادَةُ التَّفْرِيقُ بين الأحرارِ، فإنَّ المَرْأةَ تُزَوِّجُ ابْنَتَها، ويُفَرَّقُ بينَ الحُرَّةِ ووَلَدِها إذا افْتَرَقَ الأبَوانِ.
فصل: وإذا اشْتَرَى مِمَّن فى مالِه حرامٌ وحلالٌ، كالسُّلْطانِ الظّالِمِ، والمُرَابِى؛ فإنْ عَلِمَ أنَّ المَبِيعَ مِن حلالِ مالِه، فهو حلالٌ، وإنْ [عَلِمَ أنَّه] (٤٧) حرامٌ، فهو حرامٌ، ولا يُقْبَلُ قولُ المُشْتَرِى عليه فى الحُكْمِ؛ لأنَّ الظّاهِرَ أنَّ ما فى يَدِ الإنسانِ مِلْكُه، فإنْ لم يَعْلَمْ مِن أيِّهما هو، كَرِهْناه؛ لاحْتِمالِ التَّحْرِيمِ فيه، ولم يَبْطُلِ البَيْعُ؛ لِإمكانِ الحلالِ، قَلَّ الحرامُ أو كَثُرَ. وهذا هو الشُّبْهَةُ، وبقَدْرِ قِلَّةِ الحرامِ وكَثْرَتِه، تَكُونُ كَثْرَةُ الشُّبْهَةِ وقِلَّتُها. قال أحمدُ: لا يُعْجِبُنِى أنْ يَأْكُلَ مِنه؛ لما رَوَى النُّعْمانُ بن بَشِيرٍ، أنَّ النَّبِىَّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- قال: "الْحَلَالُ بَيِّنٌ وَالْحَرَامُ بَيِّنٌ، وَبَيْنَهُما أُمُورٌ مُشْتَبِهَاتٌ، لَا يَعْلَمُها كَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ، فَمَنِ اتَّقَى الشُّبُهَاتِ اسْتَبْرَأ لِدِينِه وَعِرْضِهِ، وَمَنْ وَقَعَ فى الشُّبُهاتِ وَقَعَ فى الحَرَامِ، كالرَّاعِى حَوْلَ الْحِمَى، يُوشِكُ أنْ يَرْتَعَ فِيهِ. ألَا وَإنَّ (٤٨) لِكُلِّ مَلِكٍ حِمًى، وَحِمَى اللهِ مَحَارِمُهُ". مُتَّفَقٌ عليه (٤٩). وهذا
(٤٤) سقط من: م.(٤٥) أخرجه مسلم، فى: باب التنفيل وفداء المسلمين بالأسارى، من كتاب المغازى. صحيح مسلم ٣/ ١٣٧٥، ١٣٧٦. وأبو داود، فى: باب فى الرخصة فى المدركين. . .، من كتاب الجهاد. سنن أبى داود ٢/ ٥٨، ٥٩. وابن ماجه، فى: باب فداء الأسارى، من كتاب الجهاد. سنن ابن ماجه ٢/ ٩٤٩.(٤٦) أخرجه البخارى، فى: باب ما جاء فى كتاب النبى إلى المقوقس. دلائل النبوة ٤/ ٣٩٥، ٣٩٦. وذكره الزيلعى، فى باب البيع الفاسد، من كتاب البيوع. نصب الراية ٤/ ٢٨، ٢٩.(٤٧) فى الأصل: "علمه".(٤٨) فى الأصل: "إن".(٤٩) أخرجه البخارى، فى: باب فضل من استبرأ لدينه، من كتاب الإيمان، وفى: باب الحلال بين والحرام بين. . .، من كتاب البيوع. صحيح البخارى ١/ ٢٠، ٣/ ٦٩، ٧٠. ومسلم، فى: باب أخذ الحلال =
