and two handfuls, or less than a grain of gold or silver; or due to its abundance, such as a large bar (16). It is not permissible to sell some of it for some of it except like for like, and tafadul (increase) is forbidden in it. This was stated by al-Thawri, al-Shafi'i, Ishaq, and Ibn al-Mundhir. Abu Hanifa granted a concession in selling a handful for two handfuls, a grain for two grains, and other measured items for which measurement is not possible, and he agreed regarding weighed items. He argued that the 'illah is measurement, and it is not found in small quantities. Our evidence is the statement of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): "Dates for dates, like for like; wheat for wheat, like for like; whoever gives more or takes more has engaged in Riba." (17) Also, because that in which Riba applies in large quantities, it applies in small quantities as well, like weighed items.

Section: It is not permissible to sell one date for one date, nor one handful for one handful. This is the opinion of al-Thawri, and I am not aware of an explicit text for it, but it is the analogical deduction (qiyas) of their position, because what is originally measured does not permit equality in anything else.

Section: As for that which has no weight due to manufacture, such as items made of iron, lead, copper, cotton, linen, wool, and silk (18), the explicit text from Ahmad regarding garments and clothing is that Riba does not apply to them, as he said: There is no harm in [trading] a garment for two garments, or a cloak for two cloaks. This is the opinion of the majority of scholars. He also said: A falus (coin) is not sold for two fulus, nor a knife for two knives, nor a needle for two needles; its basis is weight. The Qadi transferred the ruling of one of the two issues to the other, so he made both of them subject to two narrations. One of them: it does not apply to all of them. This is the opinion of al-Thawri, Abu Hanifa, and the majority of scholars, because it is neither weighed nor measured, and this is the correct view, since there is no meaning for establishing the ruling while the 'illah is absent and there is no text (19) or consensus regarding it. The second [narration]: Riba applies to all of them. Ibn Aqil chose this, because its basis is weight, so it does not depart from it due to manufacture, like bread, and he mentioned that the choice of the Qadi...