Section: As for milk and other liquids, such as oils like olive oil and sesame oil (24), honey, date syrup (25), and the like, the apparent view is that they are measured items. The Qadi said regarding oils: They are measured items. Regarding milk: It is valid to sell it through salam (forward sale) by measurement. The companions of Al-Shafi'i said: Milk is not to be sold for other portions of itself except by measurement. It has been narrated from Ahmad that he was asked about salam in milk, and he replied: Yes, by measurement or by weight. This is because water is estimated by the sa', and it is for this reason that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, used to perform wudu with a mudd and perform ghusl with a sa' (26), and he and some of his wives would perform ghusl with a faraq. These are measures with which water was estimated, and the same applies to all other liquids. It has been narrated from the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, that he forbade the sale of what is in the udders of livestock except by measurement. This was narrated by Ibn Majah (27). As for that which is neither a measured item nor a weighed item, meaning that which has no origin in the Hijaz in terms of measurement or weight, and does not resemble (28) what custom has established as such—like clothing, animals, and items counted such as walnuts, eggs, pomegranates, cucumbers, squash, other vegetables, herbs, quinces, apples, pears, peaches (29), and the like—then for these counted items, if we consider equality in them, it is considered based on weight, as it is more concise. The Qadi mentioned this regarding fresh fruits, and it is one of two opinions held by the companions of Al-Shafi'i. The other opinion they hold is: It is considered by what is possible to measure, by measurement (30); because (31) the origin consists of the four items, which are measured, and it is the nature of the derivative to be returned to its origin according to its ruling, and the origin’s ruling is the prohibition of usurious excess (tafadul) by measurement.
(24) Al-Shayraj: Sesame oil. (25) Al-Dibs: Date syrup. (26) See what has preceded in: 1/296, 297. (27) In: The Chapter on the Prohibition of Buying What Is in the Bellies or Udders of Livestock and the Diver's Strike, from the Book of Trade. Sunan Ibn Majah 2/740. (28) In the original manuscript: "yushbihuhu". (29) Omitted from [M]. (30) Omitted from the "Original". (31) In [M]: "wa-li-anna" (and because).
فصل: فأمَّا اللَّبَنُ، وغيرُه من المائِعاتِ، كالأَدْهانِ من الزَّيْتِ، والشَّيْرَجِ (٢٤)، والعسلِ، والخلِّ، والدِّبْسِ (٢٥)، ونحوِ ذلك، فالظاهِرُ أنَّها مَكيلَةٌ. قالَ القاضى فى الأَدْهَانِ: هى مَكيلَةٌ. وفى اللَّبَنِ: يَصِحُّ السَّلَمُ فيه كَيْلًا. وقال أصحابُ الشَّافِعِىِّ: لا يُباعُ اللَّبَنُ بعضُه بِبعضٍ إلَّا كَيْلًا. وقد رُوِىَ عن أحمدَ، أنَّه سُئِلَ عن السَّلَفِ فى اللَّبَنِ؟ فقال: نعم كَيْلًا، أو وَزْنًا. وذلك لأنَّ الماءَ مُقَدَّرٌ بالصَّاعِ، ولذلك كان النَّبِىُّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- يَتَوَضَّأُ بالمُدِّ، ويَغْتَسِلُ بالصَّاعِ (٢٦)، ويَغْتَسِلُ هو وبعضُ نِسائِهِ من الفَرَقِ. وهذه مَكاييلُ قُدِّرَ بها الماءُ، وكذلك سائرُ المائعاتِ. وَرُوِىَ عن النَّبِىِّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-، أنَّه نَهَى عن بَيْعِ ما فى ضُروعِ الأنعامِ إلَّا بالكَيْلِ. رَوَاهُ ابن مَاجَه (٢٧) وأمَّا غيرُ المَكيلِ، والمَوْزونِ، فما لم يَكُنْ له أصلٌ بالحِجازِ فى كَيْلٍ ولا وَزْنٍ، ولا يُشْبِهُ (٢٨) ما جَرَى فيه العُرْفُ بذلك، كالثِّيابِ، والحيَوَانِ، والمَعْدوداتِ من الجَوزِ، والبَيْضِ، والرُّمَّانِ، والقِثَّاءِ، والخِيارِ، وسَائِرِ الخَضْراواتِ، والبُقول، والسَّفَرْجَلِ، والتُّفَّاحِ، والكُمَّثْرَى، والخَوْخِ (٢٩)، ونحوِها، فهذه المَعْدوداتُ إذا اعْتَبَرْنا التماثُلَ فيها، فإنَّه يُعْتَبَرُ التماثُلُ فى الوَزْنِ؛ لأنَّه أَخْصَرُ. ذَكَرَهُ القاضى فى الفواكِه الرَّطْبَةِ، وهو أحَدُ الوَجْهَيْنِ لأصحابِ الشَّافِعِىِّ، والآخَرُ، قالوا: يُعْتَبَرُ ما أمْكَنَ كَيْلُه بالكَيْلِ (٣٠)؛ لأنَّ (٣١) الأَصْلَ الأعْيانُ الأَرْبَعَةُ، وهى مَكِيلَةٌ، ومن شَأْنِ الفَرْعِ أن يُرَدَّ إلى أَصْلِه بِحُكْمِه، والأصْلُ حُكْمُه تَحْريمُ التَّفاضُلِ بالكَيْلِ،
(٢٤) الشَّيْرَج: زيت السمسم.(٢٥) الدِّبْس: عسل التمر.(٢٦) انظر ما تقدم فى: ١/ ٢٩٦، ٢٩٧.(٢٧) فى: باب النهى عن شراء ما فى بطون الأنعام وضروعها وضربة الغائص، من كتاب التجارات. سنن ابن ماجه ٢/ ٧٤٠.(٢٨) فى الأصل: "يشبهه".(٢٩) سقط من: م.(٣٠) سقط من: "الأصل".(٣١) فى م: "ولأن".
