The second section is release (ibra'), which is for him to acknowledge a debt under his liability, and then say: "I have released you from half of it or a specific part of it, so give me what remains." This is valid if the release is absolute and without condition. Ahmad said: "If a man has a debt against another, and the debtor does not have the means to pay in full, so he forgives part of his right and takes the remainder from him, this is permissible for both of them. Even if a judge does this, there is no sin upon him in that, because the Prophet (peace be upon him) spoke to the creditors of Jabir so that they would remit some of his debt, and they remitted half of it." Regarding the one who suffered a disaster in his garden and the Prophet (peace be upon him) passed by him while he was being pressed (by creditors), he gestured to his creditors for half, and they accepted it from him. If a judge does that today, it is permissible if it is done by way of reconciliation (sulh) and for the benefit of both parties. Yunus narrated from al-Zuhri, from Abdullah ibn Ka'b, from his father, that he demanded a debt owed to him by Ibn Abi Hadrad in the mosque. Their voices rose until the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) heard them, so he came out to them and then called out: "O Ka'b!" He replied: "At your service, O Messenger of Allah." He gestured to him: "Remit half of your debt." He said: "I have done so, O Messenger of Allah." The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Stand up and give it to him." If he says: "On the condition that you pay me the remainder," it is void; because he did not release him from part of the right except to have him pay the rest, so it is as if he exchanged part of his right for another.
(8) In A and B, there is an addition: "Qad". (9) Remitting half comes in the case of Ibn Abi Hadrad, and the hadith of Jabir is not regarding paying some of the debt and delaying the rest. It was recorded by al-Bukhari in: The Chapter on If one pays less than his right or absolves him, it is permissible; and The Chapter on If he reconciles or estimates the debt in dates for dates or otherwise, from the Book of Lending (al-Istiqrad); and The Chapter on If he remits a debt owed by a man, from the Book of Gifts (al-Hiba); and The Chapter on Reconciliation between Creditors, from the Book of Reconciliation (al-Sulh); and The Chapter on Signs of Prophethood in Islam, from the Book of Virtues (al-Manaqib). Sahih al-Bukhari 3/154, 210, 245, 246, 4/235. And Abu Dawood, in: The Chapter on What Has Been Related Regarding a Man Who Dies While Owning Debt, from the Book of Wills. Sunan Abi Dawood 2/107. And al-Nasa'i, in: The Chapter on Paying Debt Before Inheritance, from the Book of Wills. Al-Mujtaba 6/205. And Ibn Majah, in: The Chapter on Performing Debt for the Deceased, from the Book of Charities. Sunan Ibn Majah 2/813, 814. And Imam Ahmad, in: Al-Musnad 3/313. (10) Recorded by Ibn Abi Shaybah in: The Chapter on The Man Who Encounters Debt and Has It Reduced, from the Book of Sales and Judgments. Al-Musannaf 7/319. And Ibn Hajar in: The Chapter on Qirad, from the Book of Sales. Al-Matalib al-Aliyah 1/419. (11) Omitted from M. (12) Recorded by al-Bukhari in: The Chapter on Demanding Debt and Persistence in the Mosque, and The Chapter on Raising Voices in Mosques, from the Book of Prayer; and The Chapter on The Speech of Litigants Toward Each Other, from the Book of Disputes; and The Chapter on Reconciliation with Debt and Property, from the Book of Reconciliation (al-Sulh). Sahih al-Bukhari 1/123, 124, 127, 3/160, 246. And Muslim in: The Chapter on The Desirability of Remitting Debt, from the Book of Sharecropping. Sahih Muslim 3/1192. And Abu Dawood in: The Chapter on Reconciliation, from the Book of Judgments. Sunan Abi Dawood 2/273. And al-Nasa'i in: The Chapter on The Judgment of the Judge in His House, from the Book of Judges. Al-Mujtaba 8/210. And Ibn Majah in: The Chapter on Imprisonment for Debt and Persistence, from the Book of Charities. Sunan Ibn Majah 2/811. And al-Darimi in: The Chapter on Granting Respite to the Hard-Pressed, from the Book of Sales. Sunan al-Darimi 2/261. And Imam Ahmad in: Al-Musnad 6/390.
القسم الثانى، الإِبْرَاءُ، وهو أن يَعْتَرِفَ له بِدَيْنٍ فى ذِمَّتِه، فيقولَ: قد أَبْرأْتُكَ من نِصْفِه أو جُزْءٍ مُعَيَّنٍ منه، فأَعْطِنِى ما بَقِىَ. فَيَصِحُّ إذا كانتِ البَرَاءَةُ مُطْلَقَةً من غير شَرْطٍ. قال أحْمَدُ: إذا كان لِلرَّجُلِ على الرَّجُلِ الدَّيْنُ، ليس عنده وفاءٌ فوَضَعَ عنه بعضَ حَقِّه، وأخَذَ منه البَاقِىَ، كان ذلك جَائِزًا لهما، ولو فَعَلَ ذلك قَاضٍ، لم يكُنْ عليه فى ذلك إِثْمٌ؛ لأنَّ النبىَّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- (٨) كَلَّمَ غُرَمَاءَ جَابِرٍ لِيَضَعُوا عنه، فوَضَعُوا عنه الشَّطْرَ (٩). وفى الذى أُصِيبَ فى حَدِيقَتِه فمَرَّ به النبيُّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-، وهو مَلْزُومٌ، فأشَارَ إلى غُرَمَائِه بالنِّصْفِ، فأَخَذُوه منه (١٠). فإن فَعَلَ ذلك قَاضٍ اليوم، جَازَ إذا كان على وَجْهِ الصُّلْحِ والنَّظَرِ لهما. ورَوَى يُونُسُ، عن الزُّهْرِىِّ، عن عبدِ اللهِ بن كَعْبٍ، عن أبِيهِ، أنَّه تَقَاضَى ابنَ أبي حَدْرَدٍ دَيْنًا كان له (١١) عليه فى المَسْجِدِ، فارْتَفَعَتْ أَصْوَاتُهُما حتى سَمِعَها رسولُ اللَّه -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-، فخَرَجَ إليهما، ثم نَادَى: "يَا كَعْبُ". قال: لَبَّيْكَ يا رسولَ اللَّه. فأشَارَ إليه، أن ضَعِ الشَّطْرَ من دَيْنِكَ. قال: قد فَعَلْتُ يا رسولَ اللَّه. قال رسُولُ اللَّه -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-: "قُمْ فأَعْطِه" (١٢). فإن قال: على أن تُوَفِّيَنِى ما بَقِىَ بَطَلَ؛ لأنَّه ما أَبْرَأَةُ عن
(٨) فى أ، ب زيادة: "قد".(٩) وضع الشطر يأتى فى قضية ابن أبي حدرد، وحديث جابر ليس فى قضاء بعض الدين وتأخير البعض، وأخرجه البخاري، في: باب إذا قضى دون حقه أو حلله فهو جائز، وباب إذا قاضى أو جازفه فى الدين تمرا بتمر أو غيره، من كتاب الاستقراض، وفى: باب إذا وهب دينا على رجل، من كتاب الهبة، وفى: باب الصلح بين الغرماء، من كتاب الصلح، وفى: باب علامات النبوة فى الإسلام، من كتاب المناقب. صحيح البخاري ٣/ ١٥٤، ٢١٠، ٢٤٥، ٢٤٦، ٤/ ٢٣٥. وأبو داود، فى: باب ما جاء فى الرجل يموت وعليه دين، من كتاب الوصايا. سنن أبي داود ٢/ ١٠٧. والنسائى، فى: باب قضاء الدين قبل الميراث، من كتاب الوصايا. المجتبى ٦/ ٢٠٥. وابن ماجه، فى: باب أداء الدين عن الميت، من كتاب الصدقات. سنن ابن ماجه ٢/ ٨١٣، ٨١٤. والإمام أحمد، فى: المسند ٣/ ٣١٣.(١٠) أخرجه ابن أبي شيبة، فى: باب الرجل يلحقه الدين فيحط عنه، من كتاب البيوع والأقضية. المصنف ٧/ ٣١٩. وابن حجر، فى: باب القراض، من كتاب البيوع. المطالب العالية ١/ ٤١٩.(١١) سقط من: م.(١٢) أخرجه البخارى، فى: باب التقاضى والملازمة فى المسجد، وباب رفع الصوت فى المساجد، من كتاب الصلاة، وفى: باب كلام الخصوم بعضهم فى بعض، من كتاب الخصومات، وفى: باب الصلح بالدين والعين، من كتاب الصلح. صحيح البخارى ١/ ١٢٣، ١٢٤، ١٢٧، ٣/ ١٦٠، ٢٤٦. ومسلم، فى: باب =
