sneezes; because it is narrated in the report: "The Muslim has thirty rights over the Muslim: he returns his greeting, responds to his sneeze, and accepts his invitation." And he mentioned the Hadith (20). If he says, "I usurped (ghasabtu) something from him," and explains it with something that is not wealth, it is accepted, because the term usurpation applies to it. If he says, "I usurped his person (nafsahu)," it is not accepted, because usurpation does not apply to it. Most of this section represents the school of al-Shafi’i. It was narrated from Abu Hanifa that the explanation of his admission is not accepted unless it is for something measurable by volume (makil) or by weight (mawzun); because anything else does not establish itself in the liability. Our position is that it is property (mamluk) that comes under a contract, so it is permissible for a thing in an admission to be explained by it, like the measurable and the weighted; and because it is established in the liability in general, so the explanation is valid like the measurable, and there is no consideration given to the cause of its establishment in the admission of it and the account given of it.
Section: If one admits to [owing] wealth, his explanation with a small or large amount of wealth is accepted. This is the view of al-Shafi’i. Abu Hanifa said: His explanation is not accepted unless it is for zakatable wealth; based on the saying of God Almighty: "Take from their wealth a charity to purify them" (21), and His saying: "And in their wealth is a right" (22). Some of the companions of Malik narrated from him three views: one is like our view. The second is that it is not accepted except for the first nisa (threshold) of zakatable assets, from the type of their wealth. The third is that which a thief is punished for [stealing], and which is valid as a dowry; based on the saying of God Almighty: "That you seek [marriages] with your wealth" (23). Our [basis] is that other than what they mentioned, it bears the name of wealth in reality and by custom, and is usually considered wealth, so his explanation with it is accepted, just as with that which they agreed upon. As for the verse (24) on zakat, it is general but subject to specification. His saying: "And in their wealth is a right" did not intend zakat, as evidence that it was revealed in Mecca before the obligation of zakat, so there is no proof for them in it. Furthermore, their view is refuted by His saying: "That you seek [marriages] with your wealth." Marriage is permissible with any type of wealth, and with less than the threshold (nisa). If he says, "He has a great, large, majestic, or significant amount of wealth upon me," it is permissible to explain it
(20) We did not find it with this wording; al-Suyuti mentioned it with other wordings through several transmissions in: Al-Jami’ al-Kabir 1/654. (21) Surah al-Tawbah, 103. (22) Surah al-Dhariyat, 19. (23) Surah al-Nisa, 24. (24) In M: "verses".
عَطَسَ؛ لما رُوِىَ في الخَبَرِ: "لِلْمُسْلِمِ عَلَى المُسْلِمِ ثَلَاثُونَ حَقًّا: يَرُدُّ سَلَامَهُ، ويُشَمِّتُ عَطْسَتَهُ، ويُجِيبُ دَعْوَتَهُ". وذَكَرَ الحَدِيثَ (٢٠). وإن قال: غَصَبْتُه شيئا. وفَسَّرَهُ بما ليس بمالٍ، قُبِلَ؛ لأنَّ اسْمَ الغَصْبِ يَقَعُ عليه. وإن قال: غَصَبْتُه نَفْسَه. لم يُقْبَلْ؛ لأنَّ الغَصْبَ لا يَثْبُتُ عليه. وهذا الفَصْل أكْثَرُه مَذْهَبُ الشّافِعِىِّ. وحُكِى عن أبِى حنيفةَ، أنَّه لا يُقْبَلُ تَفْسِيرُ إِقْرَارِه بغير المَكِيلِ والمَوْزُونِ؛ لأنَّ غَيْرَهما لا يَثْبُتُ في الذِّمَّةِ بِنَفْسِه. ولَنا، أنَّه مَمْلُوكٌ يَدْخُلُ تَحْتَ العَقْدِ، فجَازَ أن يُفَسّرَ به الشَّىءُ في الإِقْرَارِ، كالمَكِيلِ والمَوْزُونِ، ولأنَّه يَثْبُتُ في الذِّمَّةِ في الجُمْلَةِ، فصَحَّ التَّفْسِيرُ كالمَكيلِ، ولا عِبْرَةَ بِسَبَبِ ثُبُوتِه في الإِقْرَارِ به، والإِخْبَارِ عنه.
فصل: وإن أقَرَّ بمالٍ، قُبِلَ تَفْسِيرُه بِقَلِيلِ المالِ وكَثِيرِه. وبهذا قال الشّافِعِىُّ. وقال أبو حنيفةَ: لا يُقْبَلُ تَفْسِيرُه بغيرِ المالِ الزَّكَوِىِّ؛ لقولِ اللهِ تعالى: {خُذْ مِنْ أَمْوَالِهِمْ صَدَقَةً تُطَهِّرُهُمْ} (٢١). وقولِه: {وَفِي أَمْوَالِهِمْ حَقٌّ} (٢٢). وحَكَى بعضُ أصْحَابِ مالِكٍ عنه ثلاثةَ أوْجُهٍ؛ أحدُها، كَقَوْلِنَا. والثانى؛ لا يقْبَلُ إلَّا أَوَّلُ نِصَابٍ من نُصُبِ الزَّكَاةِ، من نَوْعِ أَمْوَالِهم. والثالث، ما يُقْطَعُ به السّارِقُ، ويَصِحّ مهْرًا؛ لقولِ اللَّه تعالى: {أَنْ تَبْتَغُوا بِأَمْوَالِكُمْ} (٢٣). ولَنا، أنَّ غيرَ ما ذَكَرُوه يَقَعُ عليه اسْمُ المالِ حَقِيقَةً وعُرْفًا، ويُتَمَوَّلُ عادَةً، فَيُقْبَلُ تَفْسِيرُه به، كالذى وَافَقُوا عليه. وأما آيةُ (٢٤) الزَّكَاةِ فهى عَامَّةٌ دَخَلَها التَّخْصِيصُ، وقولُه تعالى: {وَفِي أَمْوَالِهِمْ حَقٌّ}. لم يُرِدْ به الزَّكَاةَ، بِدَلِيلِ أنَّها نَزَلَتْ بِمَكَّةَ قَبلَ فَرْضِ الزَّكَاةِ، فلا حُجَّةَ لهم فيها، ثم يَرُدُّ قَوْلَهُم قَوْلُه تعالى: {أَنْ تَبْتَغُوا بِأَمْوَالِكُمْ}. والتَّزْوِيجُ جائِزٌ بأىِّ نَوْعٍ كان من المالِ، وبما دُونَ النِّصَابِ. وإن قال: له عَلَىَّ مالٌ عَظِيمٌ، أو كَثِيرٌ، أو جَلِيلٌ، أو خَطِيرٌ. جَازَ تَفْسِيرُه
(٢٠) لم نجده بهذا اللفظ، وذكره السيوطي بألفاظ أخرى بروايات عدة، في: الجامع الكبير ١/ ٦٥٤.(٢١) سورة التوبة ١٠٣.(٢٢) سورة الذاريات ١٩.(٢٣) سورة النساء ٢٤.(٢٤) في م: "آيات".