Chapter of Guaranty (Daman) (1)
822- Issue: He said: "And whoever has a right guaranteed on his behalf after it became due, or says: 'Whatever you give him, it is upon me,' then he is obligated to pay whatever it is established that he gave."
Guaranty (Daman) is the combining of the guarantor's liability with the liability of the person on whose behalf the guaranty is made in committing to the right. Thus, it is established in the liability of both of them, and the holder of the right has the option to demand it from whomever he wishes between them. Its etymology is from 'al-damm' (joining). The Qadi said: It is derived from 'al-tadmin' (ensuring), because the liability of the guarantor encompasses the right. The basis for its permissibility is the Book, the Sunnah, and Consensus (Ijma'). As for the Book, it is the saying of Allah the Exalted: "And for whoever brings it, there is the load of a camel, and I am a guarantor (za'im) for it." (3). Ibn Abbas said: The 'za'im' is the 'kafil' (guarantor). As for the Sunnah, it is what was narrated from the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) that he said: "The guarantor is a debtor (al-za'imu gharim)." Narrated by Abu Dawud and al-Tirmidhi (4), who said: A Hasan (good) hadith. Al-Bukhari (5) narrated from Salama ibn al-Akwa' that the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) was brought a man to pray over him, and he said: "Does he have any debt?" They said: "Yes, two dinars." He said: "Did he leave anything for them to be paid off?"
(1) This title is from M alone. The title "Book of Transfer and Guaranty" previously appeared. (2) In the original, A, M: "al-damin". (3) Surah Yusuf 72. (4) Reported by Abu Dawud, in: Chapter on Guaranteeing Loaned Items, from the Book of Sales. Sunan Abi Dawud 2/266. And al-Tirmidhi, in: Chapter on what has been reported that loaned items must be returned, from the Chapters of Sales. 'Aridat al-Ahwadhi 5/269. It was also reported by Ibn Majah, in: Chapter of Kafala (Guaranty), from the Book of Charity. Sunan Ibn Majah 2/804. And Imam Ahmad, in: al-Musnad 5/267, 293. (5) In: Chapter: If one transfers a deceased person's debt to a man, it is valid, from the Book of Transfer (Hawala); and in: Chapter of whoever guarantees a debt for a deceased person, he has no right to retract, from the Book of Kafala (Guaranty). Sahih al-Bukhari 3/124, 126. It was also reported by al-Nasa'i, in: Chapter of Praying over one who has a debt, from the Book of Funerals. al-Mujtaba 4/53. And Imam Ahmad, in: al-Musnad 4/47, 5/297, 304.
بابُ الضَّمانِ (١)
٨٢٢ - مسألة؛ قال: (وَمَنْ ضُمِنَ عَنْهُ حَقٌّ بَعْدَ وُجُوبِهِ، أوْ قَالَ: مَا أَعْطَيْتَهُ فهُوَ عَلَىَّ. فَقَدْ لَزِمَهُ مَا صَحَّ أنَّه أَعْطَاهُ)
الضَّمَانُ: ضَمُّ ذِمَّةِ الضَّامِنِ إلى ذِمَّةِ المَضْمُونِ عنه في الْتِزَامِ الحَقِّ. فيَثْبُتُ في ذِمَّتِهِمَا جَمِيعًا، ولِصَاحِبِ الحَقِّ مُطالَبَةُ من شاءَ منهما، واشْتِقَاقُه من الضّمِّ. وقال القاضي: هو مُشْتَقٌّ من التَّضْمِينِ (٢)؛ لأنَّ ذِمَّةَ الضَّامِنِ تَتَضَمَّنُ الحَقَّ. والأصْلُ في جَوَازِه، الكِتابُ والسُّنَّةُ والإِجْماعُ، أمَّا الكِتابُ فقولُ اللَّه تعالى: {وَلِمَنْ جَاءَ بِهِ حِمْلُ بَعِيرٍ وَأَنَا بِهِ زَعِيمٌ} (٣). وقال ابنُ عَبَّاسٍ: الزَّعِيمُ الكَفِيلُ. وأمَّا السُّنَّةُ فما رُوِىَ عن النَّبِيِّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-، أنَّه قال: "الزَّعِيمُ غَارِمٌ". رَوَاهُ أبو دَاوُدَ، والتِّرمِذِىُّ (٤). وقال: حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ، ورَوى البُخَارِىُّ (٥)، عن سَلَمَةَ ابن الأَكْوَعِ، أنَّ النَّبِيَّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- أُتِىَ بِرَجُلٍ لِيُصَلِّىَ عليه، فقال: هل عليه دَيْنٌ؟ قالوا: نعم، دِينَارَانِ. قال: هل تَرَكَ لهما وَفَاءً؟
(١) هذا العنوان من: م وحدها. وسبق عنوان: "كتاب الحوالة والضمان".(٢) في الأصل، أ، م: "الضمين".(٣) سورة يوسف ٧٢.(٤) أخرجه أبو داود، في: باب في تضمين العارية، من كتاب البيوع. سنن أبى داود ٢/ ٢٦٦. والترمذي، في: باب ما جاء في أن العارية مؤداة، من أبواب البيوع. عارضة الأحوذى ٥/ ٢٦٩.كما أخرجه ابن ماجه، في: باب الكفالة، من كتاب الصدقات. سنن ابن ماجه ٢/ ٨٠٤. والإمام أحمد، في: المسند ٥/ ٢٦٧، ٢٩٣.(٥) في: باب إن أحال دين الميت على رجل جاز، من كتاب الحوالة، وفى: باب من تكفل عن ميت دينا فليس له أن يرجع، من كتاب الكفالة. صحيح البخاري ٣/ ١٢٤، ١٢٦.كما أخرجه النسائى، في: باب الصلاة على من عليه دين، من كتاب الجنائز. المجتبى ٤/ ٥٣. والإمام أحمد، في: المسند ٤/ ٤٧, ٥/ ٢٩٧, ٣٠٤.
