or his illness intensified without his intellect changing, his actions and donations are valid, and his donation is from the third of his estate. Indeed, 'Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, when his internal organs were punctured, his bequest was accepted, and there was no disagreement regarding that. 'Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, after being struck by Ibn Muljam, made a bequest, gave orders, and issued prohibitions, and the validity of his speech was not judged as void. The fourth category is a life-threatening illness that does not necessarily accelerate the death of the patient for certain, but it is feared to be fatal, such as pleurisy (birsam), which is a vapor that rises to the head and affects the brain, causing an impairment of the intellect; intense fever (al-humma al-salib); and chronic nosebleeds, because they drain blood and deplete strength. It also includes pleurisy (dhat al-janb), which is an ulcer inside the side, and pain in the heart and lungs, as their movement does not cease, so the wound does not heal; and colic (qawlanj), which is when food becomes impacted in some of the intestines and does not pass. All of these are life-threatening, whether accompanied by fever or not, though they are more dangerous when accompanied by fever. If blood surges and gathers in an organ, it is life-threatening because it results from excessive heat. If bile is stirred up, it is life-threatening because it causes dryness, and likewise if phlegm is stirred up, as it is from intense cold and may overcome the innate heat and extinguish it. The plague is life-threatening because of the intensity of the heat, except that it occurs throughout the entire body. As for diarrhea, if it is uncontrolled—such that one cannot prevent it or hold it back—it is life-threatening, even if it lasts only for a short time, because whoever is afflicted with this, his demise is hastened. If it is not uncontrolled, but occurs at times and stops at others, if it is for a day or two, it is not life-threatening, as it may be due to excess food, unless it is accompanied by tenesmus (zahir) and tearing, such that it is excreted in pieces, for then it is life-threatening as it weakens the person. If the diarrhea is continuous, it is life-threatening, whether accompanied by tenesmus or not. Regarding any illness whose nature is ambiguous, one must refer to the opinion of experts, who are the physicians.