and Masruq, Ata al-Khurasani, Qatada, al-Zuhri, Malik, al-Thawri, and Ishaq. This is because it contains a right belonging to Allah Almighty and a right belonging to a human, making it more confirmed. Also, it is not susceptible to rescission, whereas others are, and it is stronger, evidenced by its spreading effect (siraya) and its implementation even in cases of pledging and bankruptcy. It is narrated from al-Hasan and al-Shafi'i that they hold the same two narrations.
Section: Gifts contingent upon death, such as one saying, "If I die, give so-and-so such-and-such," or "Manumit so-and-so," and the like, are bequests. Their ruling is the same as other bequests in terms of equality between those mentioned first and those mentioned last, and the disagreement regarding the prioritization of manumission among them. This differs from immediate gifts, for in that case, the first given is prioritized over the next, as they are binding upon the act, while deferred ones are binding upon death, so they are all considered equal.
Section: If one bequeaths the manumission of his slave, the heir is obligated to manumit him. If the heir refuses, the judge shall compel him, as it is a right incumbent upon him, so he is forced to fulfill it just like the execution of a bequest through a gift. If the heir or the judge manumits him, he is free from the moment he is manumitted; for he is freed at that time, and his wala' (patronage rights) belongs to the testator, as he is the cause, and these individuals are his deputies; that is why they are obligated to manumit him against their will. If the bequest for his manumission was entrusted to someone other than the heir, the manumission lies with that person, because he is the testator's deputy in manumitting him, and no one else holds that right as long as he does not refuse, just like an agent during the testator's lifetime.
993 - Issue: He said: "And whoever bequeaths a horse in the cause of Allah, and one thousand dirhams to be spent on it, and the horse dies, the one thousand belongs to the heirs. And if some of it was spent, the remainder is returned to the heirs."
This is only so because he designated a specific avenue for the bequest; when that avenue ceases to exist, the bequeathed property reverts to the heirs.
(6) In M: "wa-al-Khurasani". He is Ata ibn Abi Muslim al-Khurasani, the jurist of Khurasan, a traveler; he died in the year one hundred and thirty-five. See Tabaqat al-Fuqaha by al-Shirazi, 93; al-'Ibar, 1/182. (7) In M: "wajaba" (it became incumbent). (1) In A: "wa-kadhalika in" (and likewise if).
ومَسْروقٌ، وعَطاءٌ الخُرَاسانىُّ (٦)، وقَتادةُ، والزُّهْرىُّ، ومالِكٌ، والثَّورىُّ، وإسحاقُ؛ لأنَّ فيه حَقًّا للهِ تَعالى، وحقًّا لآدمىٍّ، فكانَ آكَدَ، ولأنَّه لا يَلْحَقُه فَسْخٌ، ويَلْحَقُ غيرَه ذلك، ولأنَّه أقْوَى بدَليلِ سِرايتِه ونُفوذِه مِن الرَّاهِنِ والمُفْلِسِ. ورُوِىَ عن الحسنِ، والشَّافِعىِّ كالرِّوايتيْنِ.
فصل: والعَطايا المعلَّقةُ بالموتِ، كقَولِه: إذا مِتُّ فَأعْطُوا فُلانًا كذا. أو أَعْتِقُوا فُلانًا. ونحوَه، وصَايَا حُكْمُها حُكْمُ غَيرِها مِن الوَصايا في التَّسْويةِ بينَ مُقدَّمِها ومُؤخَّرِها. والخِلافِ في تَقْديمِ. العِتْقِ منها، بخلافِ العَطايا المُنجَزَةِ، فإنَّه يُقدَّمُ الأوَّلُ منها فالأوَّلُ؛ لأنَّها تَلْزمُ بالفِعلِ، والمْؤَخَّرةُ تَلْزمُ بالموتِ، فتَتَساوَى كلُّها.
فصل: وإذا أوْصَى بعِتْقِ عَبدِه، لَزمَ الوارِثَ إعْتاقُه. فإنْ أبَى أجْبرَه الحاكمُ عليه؛ لأنَّه حقٌّ واجِبٌ (٧) عليه، فأُجْبِرَ عليه، كتَنْفيذِ الوَصِيَّةِ بالعَطِيَّةِ، فإن أعتقَه الوارثُ أو الحاكمُ، فهو حُرٌّ من حينَ أعْتقَه؛ لأنَّه حينَئذٍ عَتَقَ، ووَلاؤُه للمُوصِى؛ لأنَّه السَّبَبُ، وهؤلاءِ نُوَّابٌ عنه، ولهذا لزِمَهم إعْتاقُه كُرْهًا. وإن كانَتِ الوَصيةُ بعِتْقِه إلى غيرِ الوارِثِ، كان الإِعْتاقُ إليه؛ لأنَّه نائبُ المُوصِى في إعْتَاقِه، فلم يَمْلِكْ ذلك غيرُه إذا لم يَمْتَنِعْ منه، كالوَكيلِ في الحياةِ.
٩٩٣ - مسألة؛ قال: (وَمَنْ أَوْصَى بِفَرَسٍ في سَبِيلِ اللهِ، وَأَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ تُنْفَقُ عَلَيْهِ، فَمَاتَ الْفَرَسُ، كَانَتِ الْأَلْفُ لِلْوَرَثةِ. وإِنْ (١) أُنْفِقَ بَعْضُها، رُدَّ البَاقِى إِلَى الوَرَثةِ)
إنَّما كانَ كذلك؛ لأنَّه عيَّنَ للوَصِيَّةِ جِهةً، فإذا فاتَتْ، عادَ المُوصَى له إلى الوَرَثةِ،
(٦) في م: "والخراسانى". وهو عطاء بن أبي مسلم الخراساني، فقيه خراسان، جوَّال، توفى سنة خمس وثلاثين ومائة. طبقات الفقهاء للشيرازي ٩٣. العبر ١/ ١٨٢.(٧) في م: "وجب".(١) في أ: "وكذلك إن".
