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Al-Mughni by Ibn Qudama - Edited by Al-Turki
Volume 8 · Page 6

Translation · EN

hires a worker, then receives full service from him but does not pay him his wage" (6). The reports regarding this are numerous. The scholars of every era and every land have reached consensus on the permissibility of hire, except for what is narrated from Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Asamm (7), who said: It is not permissible, because it involves gharar (uncertainty). He meant that one is contracting over benefits that have not yet come into existence. This is an error and does not prevent the establishment of the consensus that has preceded through the ages and spread throughout the lands. Analogy also indicates its permissibility; for the need for benefits is like the need for tangible assets (a'yan). Since the contract is permissible for tangible assets, it must necessarily be permissible for benefits. The extent of people's need for this is not hidden; for not everyone possesses a house, nor is every traveler able to own a camel or a beast of burden, and it is not required for owners of property to house or carry them voluntarily. Similarly, artisans work for a wage, and it is not possible for everyone to do such work themselves, nor will they find someone to do it voluntarily, so hire is therefore inevitable. Indeed, this is something Allah the Almighty has made a path for sustenance, to the extent that most earnings are through crafts. What he mentioned regarding gharar is not to be heeded, given the need we have mentioned; for a contract upon benefits cannot be made after they have come into existence, because they perish with the passing of time, so it is necessary to contract upon them before they exist, just like al-salam (advance sale) for tangible assets.

Section: The linguistic root (ishtiqaq) of al-ijarah (hire) is from al-ajr, which is the compensation. Allah the Almighty said: {If you had wished, surely you could have taken wages for it} [Surah Al-Kahf: 77]. From this, reward (al-thawab) is called 'ajr', because Allah the Almighty compensates the servant with it for his obedience, or for his patience regarding a calamity.

Notes

(6) In: Chapter on the sin of one who sells a free man, from the Book of Sales; and in: Chapter on the sin of one who withholds the worker's wage, from the Book of Hire. Sahih Al-Bukhari 3/108, 118. It was also recorded by Ibn Majah, in: Chapter on the wages of workers, from the Book of Pledges. Sunan Ibn Majah 2/816. And Imam Ahmad, in: Al-Musnad 2/358. (7) Abd al-Rahman ibn Kaysan al-Asamm, Abu Bakr, a sheikh of the Mu'tazilah, famous for scholastic theology (kalam), principles (usul), and jurisprudence (fiqh); he died in the year 201 AH. Siyar A'lam al-Nubala 9/402. (8) In the original manuscript: "sahib" (owner). (9) Surah Al-Kahf: 77.

Arabic (Source)

اسْتَأْجَرَ أَجِيرًا فَاسْتَوْفَى مِنْهُ وَلَمْ يُوَفِّهِ أَجْرَهُ" (٦). والأخْبارُ في هذا كَثِيرَةٌ. وأجْمَعَ أهْلُ العِلْم في كلّ عَصْرٍ وكلِّ مِصْرٍ على جَوَازِ الإِجَارَةِ، إلَّا ما يُحْكَى عن عبدِ الرحمن بن الأَصَمِّ (٧) أنَّه قال: لا يجوزُ ذلك؛ لأنَّه غَرَرٌ. يَعْنى أنَّه يَعْقِدُ على مَنَافِعَ لم تُخْلَقْ. وهذا غَلَطٌ، لا يَمْنَعُ انْعِقَادَ الإِجْماعِ الذي سَبَقَ في الأَعْصارِ، وسارَ في الأمْصارِ، والعِبْرَةُ أيضًا دَالّةٌ عليها؛ فإنَّ الحاجَةَ إلى المَنَافِعِ كالحاجَةِ إلى الأعْيَانِ، فلمَّا جَازَ العَقْدُ على الأعْيانِ، وَجَبَ أن تجوزَ الإِجَارَةُ على المنَافِعِ، ولا يَخْفَى ما بالنَّاسِ من الحاجَةِ إلى ذلك، فإنَّه ليس لكلّ أحدٍ دَارٌ يَمْلِكُها، ولا يَقْدِرُ كلُّ مُسَافِرٍ على بَعِيرٍ أو دَابَّةٍ يَمْلِكُها، ولا يَلْزَمُ أصْحابَ (٨) الأمْلاكِ إسْكَانُهم وحَمْلُهُم تَطَوُّعًا، وكذلك أصْحَابُ الصَّنائِعِ يَعْمَلُونَ بأَجْرٍ، ولا يُمْكِنُ كلَّ أحدٍ عملُ ذلك، ولا يَجِدُ مُتَطَوِّعًا به، فلا بُدَّ من الإِجَارَةِ لذلك، بل ذلك ممَّا جَعَلَهُ اللَّه تعالى طَرِيقًا لِلرِّزْقِ، حتى إنَّ أكْثَرَ المَكاسِبِ بالصَّنائِعِ. وما ذَكَرَه من الغَرَرِ، لا يُلْتَفَتُ إليه، مع ما ذَكَرْنا من الحاجَةِ، فإنَّ العَقْدَ على المَنافِعِ لا يُمْكِنُ بعدَ وُجُودِها، لأنَّها تَتْلَفُ بمُضِىِّ السّاعاتِ، فلا بُدَّ من العَقْدِ عليها قبلَ وُجُودِها، كالسَّلَمِ في الأعْيانِ.

فصل: واشْتِقاقُ الإِجَارَةِ من الأجْرِ، وهو العِوَضُ، قال اللهُ تعالى: {لَوْ شِئْتَ لَاتَّخَذْتَ عَلَيْهِ أَجْرًا} (٩). ومنه سُمِّىَ الثَّوَابُ أجْرًا؛ لأنَّ اللَّه تعالى يُعَوِّضُ العَبْدَ به على طاعَتِه، أو صَبْرِه على مُصِيبَتِه.

Notes

(٦) في: باب إثم من باع حرا، من كتاب البيوع، وفي: باب إثم من منع أجر الأجير، من كتاب الإِجارة. صحيح البخاري ٣/ ١٠٨، ١١٨.كما أخرجه ابن ماجه، في: باب أجر الأجراء، من كتاب الرهون. سنن ابن ماجه ٢/ ٨١٦. والإِمام أحمد، في: المسند ٢/ ٣٥٨.(٧) عبد الرحمن بن كيسان الأصم، أبو بكر شيخ المعتزلة، اشتهر بالكلام والأصول والفقه، توفى سنة إحدى ومائتين. سير أعلام النبلاء ٩/ ٤٠٢.(٨) في الأصل: "صاحب".(٩) سورة الكهف ٧٧.

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