If the route does not have a custom, and they leave the contract absolute, the Qadi said: It is not valid, just as if they left the price absolute in a town where there is no known custom. The more preferred view is that this is not a condition, because if it were a condition, the contract would not be valid without it on a dangerous route, and because the custom has not been to specify the estimation of travel on a route; whenever they differ, it is referred to custom in other than that route.
Section: If he stipulates carrying a specified provision, such as one hundred ratls, we examine it: if he stipulates that he may replace what is lost from it due to eating or otherwise, he has that right. If he stipulates that what is lost due to eating is not to be replaced, he does not have the right to replace it. But if it is lost through other than eating, such as theft or falling, he may replace it, because that was not included in his stipulation. If he leaves the contract absolute, he has the right to replace what is lost due to theft, falling, or unusual eating, without disagreement. If it decreases due to customary eating, he may also replace it, because he is entitled to carry a known amount, so he owns the right to replace what is lost from it, just as if it were lost due to theft. It is possible that he does not own the right to replace it, because the custom is that provisions decrease, and they are not replaced, so the contract in its absolute state is interpreted according to custom, and it becomes as if it were explicitly stated. Al-Shafi'i said: The analogy is that he has the right to replace it. And if it were said: he has no right to replace it, that would be a school of thought, because the custom is that the provision does not last for the entire distance, and for that reason, its rent is less than the rent of merchandise.
Section: If he hires a camel to perform Hajj on it, he has the right to ride it to Mecca, and from Mecca to Arafat, and to travel on it to Mina; because it is part of the completion of the Hajj. It has been said: He does not have the right to ride to Mina, because it is after the deconsecration (tahallul) from Hajj. The preferred view is that he has the right to do so, because it is part of the completion of the Hajj and its dependencies, and for this reason, it is obligatory for those upon whom it is incumbent, not others; therefore, it is included in the saying of God Almighty: {And [due] to Allah from the people is a pilgrimage to the House - for whoever is able to find thereto a way}. Whoever hires it only to Mecca, he does not have the right to ride for the Hajj, because it is an addition. It is possible that he has the right to do so, because the hire to Mecca is an expression for the hire for Hajj, given that it is not hired to go there except for Hajj in most cases, so it is in the position of one hired for Hajj.
(12) Surah Al Imran: 97.
لم يكُنْ لِلطَّرِيقِ عُرْفٌ، وأطْلَقَا العَقْدَ، فقال القاضي: لا يَصِحُّ، كما لو أطْلَقَا الثَّمَنَ في بَلَدٍ لا عُرْفَ فيه. والأَوْلَى أنَّ هذا ليس بِشَرْطٍ؛ لأنَّه لو كان شَرْطًا لَما صَحَّ العَقْدُ بدُونِه في الطَّرِيقِ الْمَخُوفِ، ولأنَّه لم تَجْرِ العادَةُ بِتَقْدِيرِ السَّيْرِ في طَرِيقٍ، ومتى اخْتَلَفَا، رُجِعَ إلى العُرْفِ في غيرِ تلك الطَّرِيقِ.
فصل: وإن اشْتَرَطَ حَمْلَ زادٍ مُقَدَّرٍ، كمائة رِطْلٍ، نَظَرْنا؛ فإن شَرَطَ أنَّه يُبْدِلُ منهما ما نَقَصَ بالأَكْلِ أو غيرِه، فله ذلك، وإن شَرَطَ أنَّ ما نَقَصَ بالأَكْلِ لا يُبْدِلُه، لم يكُنْ له إبْدَالُه فإن ذَهَبَ بغيرِ الأَكْلِ، كسَرِقَةٍ أو سُقُوطٍ، فله إبْدالُه؛ لأنَّ ذلك لم يَدْخُلْ في شَرْطِه. وإن أطْلَقَ العَقْدَ، فله إبْدالُ ما ذَهَبَ بِسَرِقَةٍ أو سُقُوطٍ أو أكْلٍ غيرِ مُعْتَادٍ، بغير خِلَافٍ. وإن نَقَصَ بالأَكْلِ المُعْتادِ، فله إبْدالُه أيضًا؛ لأنَّه اسْتَحَقَّ حَمْلَ مِقْدارٍ مَعْلُومٍ، فمَلَكَ إبْدالَ ما نَقَصَ منه، كما لو نَقَصَ بِسَرِقَةٍ. ويَحْتَملُ أنَّه لا يَمْلِكُ إبْدالَه؛ لأنَّ العُرْفَ جارٍ بأنَّ الزَّادَ يَنْقُصُ، فلا يُبْدَلُ، فحُمِلَ العَقْدُ عندَ الإِطْلاقِ على العُرْفِ، وصارَ كالمُصَرَّحِ به. وقال الشافِعِيُّ: القِيَاسُ أنَّ له إبْدَالَهُ. ولو قيل: ليس له إبْدالُه. كان مَذْهَبًا؛ لأنَّ العادَةَ أنَّ الزَّادَ لا يَبْقَى جَمِيعَ المَسَافةِ، ولذلك يَقِلُّ أجْرُه عن أجْرِ المَتَاعِ.
فصل: وإذا اكْتَرَى جَمَلًا لِيَحُجَّ عليه، فله الرُّكُوبُ عليه إلى مَكَّةَ، ومن مَكَّةَ إلى عَرَفَةَ، والخُروجُ عليه إلى مِنًى؛ لأنَّه مِن تَمامِ الحَجِّ. وقيل: ليس له الرُّكُوبُ إلى مِنًى؛ لأنَّه بعدَ التَّحَلُّلِ من الحَجِّ. والأَوْلَى أنَّ له ذلك؛ لأنَّه من تَمامِ الحَجِّ وتَوَابِعِه، ولذلك وَجَبَ على مَن وَجَبَ عليه دُونَ غيرِه، فدَخَلَ في قولِ اللَّه تعالى: {وَلِلَّهِ عَلَى النَّاسِ حِجُّ الْبَيْتِ مَنِ اسْتَطَاعَ إِلَيْهِ سَبِيلًا} (١٢). ومن اكْتَرَى إلى مَكَّةَ فقط، فليس له الرُّكُوبُ إلى الحَجِّ؛ لأنَّها زِيَادَةٌ. ويَحْتَمِلُ أنَّ له ذلك؛ لأنَّ الكِرَاءَ إلى مَكَّةَ عِبَارَةٌ عن الكِرَاءِ لِلحَجِّ، لِكَوْنِها لا يُكْتَرَى إليها إلَّا لِلحَجِّ غالِبًا، فكان بمَنْزِلَةِ المُكْتَرَى لِلحَجِّ.
(١٢) سورة آل عمران ٩٧.