Almighty: "Allah instructs you concerning your children: for the male, what is equal to the share of two females. But if there are [only] daughters, two or more, for them is two-thirds of one's estate" (1). And the children of the sons are [also considered] children. Allah the Almighty said: "O children of Adam" (2), addressing thereby the nation of Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). He also said: "O children of Israel" (3), addressing thereby those among them who were in the era of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). A poet said (4):
Our sons are the sons of our sons, and our daughters Their children are the children of distant men (5).
998 - Issue: He said: (If there are daughters and sons' daughters, the daughters get two-thirds, and the sons' daughters have nothing, unless there is a male with them who makes them agnatic heirs in what remains, with the male getting the share of two females.)
Scholars have unanimously agreed that the fixed portion of two daughters is two-thirds, except for a report that is considered anomalous (1) from Ibn Abbas, stating that their fixed portion is one-half, based on the saying of Allah the Almighty: "But if there are [only] daughters, two or more, for them is two-thirds of one's estate" (2). So the concept (mafhum) implies that for less than three, they do not get two-thirds. The correct view is the position of the majority, for the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said to the brother of Sa'd ibn al-Rabi': "Give Sa'd's two daughters two-thirds" (3). Allah the Almighty also said concerning sisters: "But if there are two, they two shall have two-thirds of what he left" (4). This is an indication that two daughters have two-thirds, because they are closer, and because whoever among them inherits a half as an individual, the two of them inherit two-thirds, such as sisters of both parents and sisters of the father. Every number for which the fixed portion of the individual and the group differs, the two of them have the same fixed portion as the group, such as the children of the mother and the sisters from
(1) Surah al-Nisa' 11. (2) Surah al-A'raf 26, 27, 31, 35. (3) Surah al-Baqarah 40, 47, 122; Surah al-Ma'idah 72; Surah Taha 80; Surah al-Saff 6. (4) Cited previously in: 8/203. (5) In MS A: "the foreign men". The second hemistich of the verse is missing from the original. (1) In MS M: "shadhah". (2) Surah al-Nisa' 11. (3) Its documentation (takhrij) was provided previously on page 6. (4) Surah al-Nisa' 176.
وجل: {يُوصِيكُمُ اللَّهُ فِي أَوْلَادِكُمْ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ فَإِنْ كُنَّ نِسَاءً فَوْقَ اثْنَتَيْنِ فَلَهُنَّ ثُلُثَا مَا تَرَكَ} (١). وولدُ البَنِينَ أولادٌ؛ قال اللهُ تعالى: {يَابَنِي آدَمَ} (٢) يُخاطِبُ بذلكَ أمَّةَ محمدٍ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم-. وقالَ: {يَابَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ} (٣) يُخاطبُ بذلك مَن في عَصْرِ النَّبىِّ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- منهم. وقال الشاعرُ (٤):
بَنُونَا بَنُو أَبنائِنا، وبَنَاتُنَا ... بَنُوهُنَّ أبناءُ الرِّجالِ الأباعِدِ (٥)
٩٩٨ - مسألة؛ قال: (فَإِنْ كُنَّ بَنَاتٌ وبَنَاتُ ابْنٍ، فَلِلْبَنَاتِ الثُّلثانِ، وليسَ لِبنَاتِ الابنِ شيءٌ، إلَّا أن يَكُونَ مَعَهُنَّ ذَكَرٌ، فَيُعَصِّبهُنَّ فِيمَا بَقِىَ، لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ)
أجمعَ أهلُ العِلمِ على أنَّ فَرْضَ الابْنتَيْنِ الثُّلُثانِ، إلَّا روايةً شَذَّتْ (١) عن ابنِ عبَّاسٍ، أنَّ فَرْضَهما النِّصفُ؛ لقولِ اللهِ تعالى: {فَإِنْ كُنَّ نِسَاءً فَوْقَ اثْنَتَيْنِ فَلَهُنَّ ثُلُثَا مَا تَرَكَ} (٢). فمفهومُه أن ما دونَ الثَّلاثِ ليس لهما الثُّلثانِ. والصَّحِيحُ قولُ الجماعةِ، فإنَّ النبيَّ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- قالَ لأَخِى سعدِ بنِ الرَّبِيعِ: "أَعْطِ ابْنَتَىْ سَعْدٍ الثُّلُثيْنِ" (٣). وقال اللهُ تعالى في الأَخَواتِ: {فَإِنْ كَانَتَا اثْنَتَيْنِ فَلَهُمَا الثُّلُثَانِ مِمَّا تَرَكَ} (٤). وهذا تَنْبِيهٌ على أنَّ للبنْتَينِ الثُّلُثينِ؛ لأنَّهما أَقْربُ، ولأنَّ كلَّ مَن يَرثُ الواحِدُ منهم النِّصفَ فلِلاثْنَتَينِ منهم الثُّلثانِ، كالأَخَواتِ مِن الأَبويْنِ، والأَخَواتِ من الأبِ، وكلُّ عَددٍ يَخْتَلِفُ فَرضُ واحدِهم وجَماعتِهم فلِلاثْنيْنِ منهم مِثلُ فَرْضِ الجماعةِ، كوَلَدِ الأُمِّ، والأَخَواتِ مِن
(١) سورة النساء ١١.(٢) سورة الأعراف ٢٦، ٢٧، ٣١، ٣٥.(٣) سورة البقرة ٤٠، ٤٧، ١٢٢، وسورة المائدة ٧٢، وسورة طه ٨٠، وسورة الصف ٦.(٤) تقدم في: ٨/ ٢٠٣.(٥) في أ: "الرجال الأجانب". وسقط عجز البيت من: الأصل.(١) في م: "شاذة".(٢) سورة النساء ١١.(٣) تقدم تخريجه في صفحة ٦.(٤) سورة النساء ١٧٦.
