by his own choice, which led to his death. The reason inheritance is prohibited in cases of consensus is to prevent it from leading to the commission of forbidden killing and as a deterrent against the termination of an inviolable soul. In our discussed issue, however, the deprivation of inheritance would prevent the implementation of mandatory prescribed penalties and the fulfillment of legitimate rights, and it does not lead to the commission of a forbidden killing; thus, it is the opposite of the established principle. It is invalid to draw an analogy to the killing by a child or a madman, because that is a forbidden killing and the waste of an inviolable soul, and granting inheritance would lead to it, unlike our issue. Once this is established, a participant in the killing is treated like one who acted alone in terms of inheritance, because the liability for indemnity falls upon him accordingly. If he testified against the person he would inherit from along with others, unjustly, and the person was killed, he does not inherit from him. But if he testified truthfully, he inherits from him because it is not a guaranteed act.
Section: Four brothers, the eldest of whom killed the second, then the third killed the youngest. Retaliation (qisas) is dropped for the eldest, because the inheritance of the second brother became split equally between the third and the youngest. When the third killed the youngest, he did not inherit from him, so the eldest inherited from him. Thus, half of the blood money for his own self returned to him, as well as the entire inheritance of the youngest, so retaliation was dropped for him because he inherited a portion of his own blood money. He is entitled to retaliation against the youngest and inherits from him according to the manifest view of the school. If retaliation is exacted from him, he inherits from him, and he inherits from his three brothers. If two sons killed one of their parents, and they (the parents) were spouses, then the other (son) killed the other parent, retaliation is dropped for the first killer and becomes mandatory for the second. This is because when the first killed his father, his brother and mother inherited his wealth and blood money. When the second killed his mother, the killer of the father inherited from her. Thus, he acquired an eighth of his own blood money, so retaliation was dropped for him because of that, and he is entitled to retaliation against the other. If he kills him, he inherits from him according to the manifest view of the school. If one of them wounded his father and the other wounded his mother, and they both died simultaneously with no heirs other than the two sons, then each of them is entitled to the wealth of the one he did not kill, and each of them is entitled to retaliation against his companion. The same applies if each of them killed one of the parents and they were not spouses; each of them has the right to retaliation against his brother, except that neither can exact it without nullifying the right of the other, so both rights are dropped. If one of them pardons the
(7) In A, the addition: "the one who killed him". (8) In the manuscripts: "kharaja".
باختيارِه، فأفْضَى إلى تَلَفِه، ولأنَّه حُرِّمَ الميراثُ فى مَحَلِّ الوِفَاقِ، كيْلا يُفْضى إلى إيجادِ القَتْلِ المُحرَّمِ، وزَجْرًا عن إعْدامِ النَّفْس المعْصومةِ، وفى مَسْألتِنا حِرْمانُ الميراثِ يَمْنَعُ إقامةَ الحدودِ الواجبةِ، واستيفاءَ الحُقوق المشْروعَةِ، ولا يُفْضى إلى إيجادِ قَتلٍ مُحرَّمٍ، فهو ضِدُّ ما ثبتَ فى الأصْلِ، ولا يصحُّ القياسُ على قَتْلِ الصّبِىِّ، والمجنونِ؛ لأنَّه قتلٌ محرّمٌ، وتفويتُ نَفْسٍ مَعْصومةٍ، والتوريثُ يُفْضِى إليه، بخلافِ مَسألتِنا. إذا ثبتَ هذا، فالمشارِكُ فى القَتْلِ فى الميراثِ كالمُنْفَرِدِ به؛ لأنَّه يلْزمُه منَ الضَّمانِ بحسَبه، فلو شِهدَ على مَوْروثهِ مع جماعةٍ ظُلْمًا فقُتِل، لم يَرِثْه، وإِنْ شَهِدَ بحقٍّ، وَرثه؛ لأنَّه غيرُ مَضْمونٍ.
فصل: أربعةُ إخْوةٍ، قَتَلَ أكْبرُهم الثَّانى، ثم قَتَل الثَّالثُ الأصْغَرَ، سَقَطَ القِصاصُ عنِ الأكْبَرِ؛ لأنَّ ميراثَ الثَّانى صار للثّالِثِ والأصْغَرِ نِصْفَيْنِ، فلمَّا قتلَ الثَّالِثُ الأصْغَر لم يَرِثْه، وورثه الأكْبرُ، فرجَعَ إليه نِصْفُ دَمِ نَفْسِه، وميراثُ الأصْغرِ جميعُه، فسقَطَ عنه القِصاصُ، لميراثِه بعضَ دمِ نَفْسِه، وله القِصاصُ على (٧) الأَصْغَرِ، وَيَرِثُه فى ظاهرِ المَذْهَبِ، فإنِ اقتُصَّ منه وَرثه، وَيرِثُ إخْوتَه الثّلاثةَ. ولو أَنّ ابْنَيْن قتلَ أحَدُهما أحدَ أبَويْهِما، وهما زَوْجانِ، ثم قتلَ الآخرُ أباه الآخَرَ، سقطَ القِصاصُ عن القاتِلِ الأوَّلِ، ووجبَ على القاتلِ الثّانى؛ لأنَّ الأوَّلَ لمَّا قَتَلَ أباه، وَرِثَ مالَه ودَمَه أخوه وأُمُّه، فلَّما قَتَلَ الثَّانى أُمَّه، وَرِثَها قاتلُ الأبِ، فصار له من دَمِ نَفْسِه ثُمُنُه، فسقطَ القِصاصُ عنه لذلك، وله القِصاصُ على الآخَرِ، فإنْ قَتَلَه وَرثه فى ظاهرِ المذْهَبِ. وإن جَرَحَ (٨) أحدُهما أباه، والآخَرُ أُمَّهُ، وماتا فى حالٍ واحدةٍ، ولا وارثَ لهما سِوَاهما، فلكلِّ واحدٍ منهما مالُ الذى لم يَقْتُلْه، ولكلِّ واحدٍ منهما القِصَاصُ على صاحبِه. وكذلك لو قَتَلَ كُلُّ واحدٍ منهما أحدَ الأبَوَيْنِ، ولم يكُونا زَوْجَيْن، فلكلِّ واحدٍ منهما القِصاصُ على أخيه، إلَّا أَنَّه لا يُمْكِنُ أحدُهما الاسْتيفاءَ إلَّا بإبْطالِ حَقّ الآخرِ فيسْقُطانِ. وإِنْ عفا أحدُهما عن
(٧) فى أزيادة: "الذى قتله".(٨) فى النسخ: "خرج".