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Al-Mughni by Ibn Qudama - Edited by Al-Turki
Volume 9 · Page 333

Translation · EN

Everyone, evidenced by the fact that it is not obligatory to generalize to every category by it. Allah the Exalted has mentioned in another verse its expenditure to a single category, as He, Glory be to Him, said: {If you disclose your charities, it is well; but if you conceal them and give them to the poor, it is better for you.} And the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said to Mu'adh when he sent him to Yemen: "Inform them that they have a charity taken from their wealthy and returned to their poor." It is agreed upon. He did not mention in the verse or in the narration anything other than a single category. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said to Qabisah when he undertook a debt burden: "Wait, Qabisah, until the charity comes to us, so we may order it for you." He mentioned paying it to one category, and he was among the debtors. He commanded the Banu Zurayq to pay their charity to Salamah bin Sakhr, as recorded by Abu Dawud, and he was a single person. Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) sent to him a small gold piece in its soil, and he divided it among those whose hearts are to be reconciled, and they are a single category. The reports regarding this are numerous, indicating that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) did not believe in every established charity that it must be paid to all categories, nor that they must be generalized with it; rather, he used to pay it to whoever was available from its eligible recipients. This is what is appropriate for the wisdom of the Law and its beauty, as it is not permissible for Allah, Glory be to Him and Exalted, to burden one upon whom a sheep, a sa' of wheat, a half-mithqal, or five dirhams has become due, to pay it to eighteen, twenty-one, or twenty-four persons from eight categories, with each three of them receiving an eighth of it. Typically, it is impossible for them to be found in a large region, and the ruler would be incapable of delivering the treasury's wealth to them in this manner despite its abundance. So how would Allah, Glory be to Him and Exalted, burden everyone upon whom Zakat is due to gather them

Notes

(2) Surah al-Baqarah: 271. (3) Its extraction was mentioned previously in 1/275, 4/5. (4) Omitted from the original, A, and B. (5) Its extraction was mentioned previously in 4/119. (6) Omitted from M. (7) In the Chapter on Zihar, from the Book of Divorce. Sunan Abi Dawud 1/513. It was also recorded by al-Darimi in the Chapter on Zihar, from the Book of Divorce. Sunan al-Darimi 2/163, 164. And Imam Ahmad, in al-Musnad 4/37. (8) Its extraction was mentioned previously in 4/128.

Arabic (Source)

الجميعِ، بدليلِ أنَّه لا يجبُ تَعْميمُ كلِّ صِنْفٍ بها. وقد ذَكَرَ اللَّه تعالى فى آيةٍ أُخْرَى صَرْفَها إلى صنفٍ واحدٍ، فقال سُبحانَه: {إِنْ تُبْدُوا الصَّدَقَاتِ فَنِعِمَّا هِيَ وَإِنْ تُخْفُوهَا وَتُؤْتُوهَا الْفُقَرَاءَ فَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ} (٢). وقال النَّبِىُّ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- لمُعاذٍ حين بَعَثه إلى الْيَمَنِ: "أعْلِمْهُم أَنَّ عَلَيْهِمْ صَدَقَةً تُؤْخَذُ مِنْ أغْنِيَائِهِمْ، فَتُرَدُّ فى فُقَرَائِهِمْ". مُتَّفَقٌ عليه (٣). فلم يَذْكُرْ فى الآيةِ ولا فى (٤) الخبرِ إلَّا صِنْفًا واحدًا. وقال النَّبِىُّ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- لَقِبيصَةَ حين تَحَمّلَ حَمالةً: "أقِمْ يا قَبِيصَةُ، حَتَّى تَأْتِينَا الصَّدَقَةُ، فنَأْمُرَ لَكَ بِهَا" (٥). فذَكَرَ دَفْعَها إلى صِنْفٍ واحدٍ (٦)، وهو من الغارِمِينَ. وأمَرَ بنى زُرَيْقٍ بدَفْعِ صَدَقَتِهِم إلى سَلمةَ بن صَخْرٍ. روَاه أبو دَاودَ (٧). وهو شَخْصٌ واحدٌ. وَبعَثَ إليه علىٌّ رضى اللَّه عنه بِذُهَيْبةٍ فى تُرْبَتِها، فقَسَّمَها بين المُؤَلَّفةِ قُلُوبُهُم (٨)، وهم صِنْفٌ واحدٌ. والآثارُ فى هذا كثيرةٌ، تَدُلُّ على أَنَّ النَّبِىَّ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- لم يكُنْ يَعْتَقِدُ فى كلِّ صَدَقةٍ ثابِتَةٍ دَفْعَها إلى جميعِ الأصنافِ، ولا تَعْمِيمَهُم بها، بل كان يَدْفَعُها إلى مَنْ تَيَسَّرَ من أهْلِها، وهذا هو اللائقُ بحِكْمةِ الشَّرْعِ وحُسْنِه، إذ غيرُ جائزٍ أن يُكَلِّفَ اللَّه سبحانَه مَنْ وَجَبَتْ عليه شاةٌ، أو صاعٌ من البُرِّ، أو نِصْفُ مِثْقالٍ، أو خمسةُ دَرَاهِمَ، دَفْعَها إلى ثمانيةَ عشرَ نَفْسًا، أو أحدًا وعشرينَ، أو أربعةً وعشرينَ نَفْسًا، من ثمانيةِ أصنافٍ، لكلِّ ثلاثةٍ منهم ثُمْنُها، والغالبُ تَعَذُّرُ وُجُودِهم فى الإقْليمِ العظيمِ، وعَجْزُ السلطانِ عن إيصالِ مالِ بيتِ المالِ مع كَثْرتِه إليهم على هذا الوَجْهِ، فكيفَ يُكَلِّفُ اللَّه سُبْحانه وتعالى كلَّ مَنْ وَجَبَتْ عليه زكاةٌ جَمْعَهم

Notes

(٢) سورة البقرة ٢٧١.(٣) تقدم تخريجه فى: ١/ ٢٧٥، ٤/ ٥.(٤) سقط من: الأصل، أ، ب.(٥) تقدم تخريجه فى: ٤/ ١١٩.(٦) سقط من: م.(٧) فى: باب فى الظهار، من كتاب الطلاق. سنن أبى داود ١/ ٥١٣.كما أخرجه الدارمى، فى: باب فى الظهار، من كتاب الطلاق. سنن الدارمى ٢/ ١٦٣، ١٦٤. والإِمام أحمد، فى: المسند ٤/ ٣٧.(٨) تقدم تخريجه فى: ٤/ ١٢٨.

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