by her confirmation. Likewise, if the woman confesses without him, and he dies before confirming her, she does not inherit from him. But if she dies and he confirms her, he inherits from her, for the reason we have mentioned.
Issue: He said: "And when a slave marries without the permission of his master, his marriage is void."
All scholars are in agreement that a slave is not permitted to marry without the permission of his master, and if he does so, his marriage does not take effect, according to all of them. Ibn al-Mundhir said: They reached a consensus that his marriage is void. The correct view is what we have stated, Allah willing, for they differed regarding its validity. There are two narrations from Ahmad regarding this; the most apparent of them is that it is void. This is the view of Uthman and Ibn Umar. Shurayh also said this, and it is the school of al-Shafi'i. According to another narration from Ahmad, it is dependent upon the master's approval; if he approves it, it becomes valid, and if he rejects it, it becomes void. This is the view of the followers of opinion (Ashab al-Ra'y), because it is a contract that is subject to dissolution, so it is dependent upon approval, like a will. We rely upon what Jabir narrated, saying: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Any slave who marries without the permission of his masters is an adulterer." It was narrated by al-Athram, Abu Dawud, and Ibn Majah. Al-Khallal also narrated with his chain of transmission from Musa ibn Uqba, from Nafi', from Ibn Umar, who said: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Any slave who marries without the permission of his masters is an adulterer." Hanbal said: I mentioned this hadith to Abu Abd Allah,
(1) In the original, B: "it is effective". (2) Omitted from: M. (3) Extracted on the authority of Jabir by Abu Dawud, in: The Chapter on the Marriage of a Slave Without the Permission of His Masters, from The Book of Marriage. Sunan Abi Dawud 1/480. It was also extracted on his authority by al-Tirmidhi, in: The Chapter on What Has Been Said Regarding the Marriage of a Slave Without the Permission of His Master, from The Chapters on Marriage. 'Aridat al-Ahwadhi 5/31. And al-Darimi, in: The Chapter on a Slave Who Marries Without the Permission of His Master, from The Book of Marriage. Sunan al-Darimi 2/152. And Imam Ahmad, in: al-Musnad 3/301, 377. As for Ibn Majah, he narrated it on the authority of Ibn 'Umar, in: The Chapter on the Marriage of a Slave Without the Permission of His Master, from The Book of Marriage. Sunan Ibn Majah 1/630. (4) Extracted by Ibn Majah, in: The Chapter on the Marriage of a Slave Without the Permission of His Master, from The Book of Marriage. Sunan Ibn Majah 1/630. And al-Darimi, in: The Chapter on a Slave Who Marries Without the Permission of His Master, from The Book of Marriage. Sunan al-Darimi 2/152.
بتَصْدِيقِها. وكذلك لو أقرَّتِ المرأةُ دُونَه، فمات قبلَ أن يُصَدِّقَها، لم تَرِثْه. وإن ماتت فصَدَّقَها، وَرِثَها؛ لما ذَكَرْنا.
١١٣٠ - مسأَلة؛ قال: (وَإِذَا تَزَوَّجَ الْعَبْدُ بِغيْرِ إِذْنِ سَيِّدهِ، فَنِكَاحُهُ بَاطِلٌ)
أجْمَعَ أهلُ العلمِ على أنَّه ليس للعَبْدِ أن يَنْكِحَ بغيرِ إذْنِ سَيِّده، فإنْ نَكَحَ لم يَنْعَقِدْ (١) نِكاحُه، فى قولِهم جميعًا. وقال ابنُ المنذرِ: أجْمَعُوا على أَنَّ نِكاحَه باطلٌ. والصوابُ ما قُلْنا، إن شاء اللَّه؛ فإنَّهم اختلَفُوا فى صِحَّتِه، فعن أحمدَ فى ذلك رِوايتانِ؛ أظْهَرُهُما، أنَّه باطلٌ. وهو قول عثمانَ، وابنِ عمرَ. وبه قال شُرَيْحٌ. وهو مذهبُ الشافعىِّ. وعن أحمدَ، أنَّه مَوْقُوفٌ على إجَازةِ السَّيِّد، فإن أجازَه جازَ، وإن رَدَّه بَطَلَ. وهو قولُ أصْحابِ الرَّأْىِ؛ لأنَّه عَقْدٌ يَقِفُ على الفَسْخِ، فوَقَفَ على الإِجَازةِ، كالوَصِيَّةِ. ولَنا، ما رَوَى جابرٌ، قال: قال رسولُ اللَّه -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم-: "أيُّمَا عَبْدٍ تَزَوَّجَ بِغَيْرِ إذْنِ مَوَالِيهِ، فَهُوَ عَاهِرٌ". رَوَاه الأَثْرَمُ، [وأبو دَاوُدَ] (٢)، وابنُ ماجَه (٣). ورَوَى الخَلَّالُ، بإسْنادِه عن مُوسَى بن عُقْبةَ، عن نافعٍ، عن ابنِ عمرَ، قال: قال رسولُ اللَّه -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم-: "أيُّما عَبْدٍ تَزَوَّجَ بغيرِ إذْنِ مَوَالِيهِ، فَهُوَ زَانٍ" (٤). قال حَنْبَلٌ: ذَكَرْتُ هذا الحديثَ لأبى عبدِ اللَّه،
(١) فى الأصل، ب: "ينفذ".(٢) سقط من: م.(٣) أخرجه عن جابر، أبو داود، فى: باب فى نكاح العبد بغير إذن مواليه، من كتاب النكاح. سنن أبى داود ١/ ٤٨٠.كما أخرجه عنه، الترمذى، فى: باب ما جاء فى نكاح العبد بغير إذن سيده، من أبواب النكاح. عارضة الأحوذى ٥/ ٣١. والدارمى، فى: باب فى العبد يتزوج بغير إذن سيده، من كتاب النكاح. سنن الدارمى ٢/ ١٥٢. والإمام أحمد، فى: المسند ٣/ ٣٠١، ٣٧٧.أما ابن ماجه فقد رواه عن ابن عمر، فى: باب تزويج العبد بغير إذن سيده، من كتاب النكاح. سنن ابن ماجه ١/ ٦٣٠.(٤) أخرجه ابن ماجه، فى: باب تزويج العبد بغير إذن سيده، من كتاب النكاح. سنن ابن ماجه ١/ ٦٣٠. والدارمى، فى: باب فى العبد يتزوج بغير إذن من سيده، من كتاب النكاح. سنن الدارمى ٢/ ١٥٢.
