Section: If one stipulates an option in the dowry specifically, the marriage is not rendered invalid. This is because the marriage is separate from the mention of the dowry, and even if the dowry were forbidden or invalid, the marriage would not be invalid. Thus, it is even more appropriate that it would not be invalid due to a condition of an option within it. It differs from a sale, because if one of the two compensations in it is invalid, the other is also invalid. Since this is established, there are three views regarding the dowry: First, the dowry is valid and the condition of the option is void, just as the condition is void in the marriage while the marriage itself remains valid. Second, it is valid and the option is established within it, because the dowry contract is a separate contract that functions like prices; therefore, the option is established in it, just like in sales. Third, the dowry is void, because she did not consent to it, so it does not become binding upon her, just as if he did not agree with her on anything.
1142 - Issue: He said: (Whoever intends to marry a woman, he is permitted to look at her without being in seclusion with her.)
We know of no disagreement among the scholars regarding the permissibility of looking at a woman for one who intends to marry her. Jabir narrated that the Messenger of Allah - peace and blessings of Allah be upon him - said: "If one of you proposes to a woman, if he is able to look at what calls him to marry her, let him do so." He said: So I proposed to a woman, and I used to hide for her until I saw from her what called me to marry her, and I married her. Narrated by Abu Dawud (1). There are many hadiths regarding this other than this one. Also, because marriage is a contract that necessitates possession, it is therefore permitted for the one contracting to look at that which is being contracted upon, like looking at a slave woman being considered for purchase. There is no harm in looking at her with her permission or without her permission, because the Prophet - peace and blessings of Allah be upon him - commanded (2) looking and spoke in general terms. In the hadith of Jabir: "I used to hide for her." And in a hadith from (3)
(29) In M: "fa-li-anna" (for it is that). (30) In the original and B: "fa-yathbut" (then it is established). (1) In: Chapter regarding the man who looks at a woman while he desires to marry her, from the Book of Marriage. Sunan Abi Dawud 1/480. It was also recorded by Imam Ahmad, in: al-Musnad 3/334, 360. (2) In M: "amara-na" (he commanded us). (3) Omitted from: the original.
فصل: وإن شَرَطَ الخِيارَ فى الصَّداقِ خاصَّةً، لم يَفْسُدِ النِّكاحُ؛ لأنَّ النِّكاحَ يَنْفَرِدُ عن ذِكْرِ الصَّداقِ، ولو كان الصَّداقُ حَرَامًا أو فاسِدًا لم يَفْسُدِ النِّكاحُ، فبِأنْ (٢٩) لا يَفْسُدَ بشرطِ الخِيارِ فيه أَوْلَى، ويُخالِفُ البَيْعَ، فإنَّه إذا فَسَدَ أحدُ العِوَضَيْنِ فيه فَسَدَ الآخرُ. فإذا ثَبَتَ هذا، ففى الصَّداقِ ثلاثةُ أوْجُهٍ؛ أحدها، يَصِحُّ الصَّداقُ، ويَبْطُلُ شَرْطُ الخِيارِ، كما يَفْسُدُ الشَّرْطُ فى النِّكاحِ، ويَصِحُّ النِّكاحُ. والثانى، يَصِحُّ، ويَثْبُتُ الخِيارُ فيه؛ لأنَّ عَقْدَ الصَّداقِ عقدٌ مُنْفَرِدٌ يَجْرِى مَجْرَى الأَثْمانِ، فثَبَتَ (٣٠) فيه الخِيارُ كالبِيَاعاتِ. والثالث، يَبْطُلُ الصَّداقُ؛ لأنَّها لم تَرْضَ به، فلم يَلْزَمْها، كما لو لم يُوافِقْه على شىءٍ.
١١٤٢ - مسألة؛ قال: (ومَنْ أَرَادَ أنْ يَتَزَوَّجَ امْرَأَةً، فَلَهُ أنْ يَنْظُرَ إلَيْهَا مِنْ غَيْرِ أنْ يَخْلُوَ بِهَا)
لا نعلمُ بين أهلِ العلمِ خِلافًا فى إبَاحةِ النَّظَرِ إلى المرأةِ لمن أرادَ نِكاحها، وقد رَوَى جابرٌ، قال: قال رسولُ اللَّه -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم-: "إذَا خَطَبَ أحَدُكُمُ الْمَرْأَةَ، فَإِنِ اسْتَطَاعَ أنْ يَنْظُرَ إلَى مَا يَدْعُوهُ إلى نِكَاحِهَا، فَلْيَفْعَلْ". قال: فخَطَبْتُ امرأةً، فكنتُ أتَخَبَّأُ لها، حتى رأيتُ منها ما دعَانِى إلى نِكاحِها، فتَزَوَّجْتُها. روَاه أبو داودَ (١). وفى هذا أحاديثُ كثيرةٌ سوى هذا. ولأنَّ النِّكاحَ عقدٌ يقْتَضِى التَّمْلِيكَ، فكان للعاقدِ النَّظَرُ إلى المعْقودِ عليه، كالنَّظَرِ إلى الأَمَةِ المُسْتامةِ. ولا بأسَ بالنَّظَرِ إليها بإذْنِها وغيرِ إذْنِها؛ لأنَّ النَّبِىَّ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- أمَرَ (٢) بالنَّظَرِ وأَطْلَقَ. وفى حديثِ جابرٍ: فكنتُ أتَخَبَّأُ لها. وفى حديثٍ عن (٣)
(٢٩) فى م: "فلأن".(٣٠) فى الأصل، ب: "فيثبت".(١) فى: باب فى الرجل ينظر إلى المرأة وهو يريد تزويجها، من كتاب النكاح. سنن أبى داود ١/ ٤٨٠. كما أخرجه الإمام أحمد، فى: المسند ٣/ ٣٣٤، ٣٦٠.(٢) فى م: "أمرنا".(٣) سقط من: الأصل.
