the entire estate. It is narrated from the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) that he said: "A woman acquires three inheritances: her foundling, her freed slave, and the child whom she invoked imprecation (li'an) against." Extracted by Ibn Majah(8). Thus, he assigned to her the entire inheritance of her child who was disowned via li'an. The inheritance of others among the fixed-share holders was excluded from this by consensus, and the remainder stayed subject to the original generality. Furthermore, because she is among his heirs by blood relationship (rahim), she is more entitled to the wealth than the public treasury, just like his residuaries ('asabat). As for His saying the Almighty: {She shall have half of what he leaves}(9), it does not negate that she might have an increase upon it for another reason, like His saying the Almighty: {For his parents, to each of them is a sixth of what he leaves if he has a child}(10). This does not negate that the father may have the sixth, plus what remains beyond the daughter by way of the 'asabah (residuaries), and His saying: {And for you is half of what your wives leave}(11). It did not negate that the husband may have what remains if he is a paternal cousin or a master (mawla). Likewise, the brother through the mother if he is a paternal cousin, and the daughter and others among the fixed-share holders if she were a manumitter. Thus it is here: she is entitled to the half by way of the fixed share, and the remainder by way of the return (radd). As for the spouses, they are not among the relatives (dhu al-arham).
1013 - Issue: He said: "And if there is a sister from both parents, a sister from the father, and a sister from the mother, then the sister from both parents has the half, the sister from the father has the sixth, and the sister from the mother has the sixth, and what remains is returned to them according to the proportion of their shares."
So the estate becomes shared among them in five parts: the sister from both parents has three-fifths of the estate, the sister from the father has one-fifth, and the sister from the mother has one-fifth. The method of calculation in the return is to take the shares of those entitled to the return from the base of their problem, and it always results in six, since there is nothing in the fixed shares in total that is not contained within six except the quarter and the eighth, and they belong to no one other than the spouses, and they are not among those entitled to the return. Then,
(8) In: The chapter of a woman acquiring three inheritances, from the Book of Inheritance (al-fara'id). Sunan Ibn Majah 2/916. It was also extracted by Abu Dawood, in: The chapter of the inheritance of the child of imprecation (li'an), from the Book of Inheritance. Sunan Abi Dawood 2/112, 113. And al-Tirmidhi, in: The chapter of what has been narrated regarding what women inherit of clientage (wala'), from the Chapters of Inheritance 8/267. And Imam Ahmad, in: Al-Musnad 3/490, 4/107. (9) Surah al-Nisa', 176. (10) Surah al-Nisa', 11. (11) Surah al-Nisa', 12.
جَمِيعِ الْمَالِ، ورُوىَ عن النَّبِيِّ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- أَنَّهُ قال: "تُحْرِزُ الْمَرْأَةُ ثَلَاثَةَ مَوَارِيثَ، لَقِيطَهَا، وَعَتِيقَهَا، وَالْوَلَدَ الَّذِى لَاعَنَتْ عَلَيْهِ". أَخْرَجَه ابنُ مَاجَه (٨). فجَعَلَ لها مِيرَاثَ وَلَدِهَا الْمَنْفِىِّ بِاللِّعَانِ كُلَّهُ، خَرَجَ مِن ذلك مِيرَاثُ غيرِها مِنْ ذَوِى الْفُرُوضِ بِالْإِجْماعِ، بَقِىَ الْبَاقِى على مُقْتَضَى الْعُمُومِ، ولِأَنَّهَا مِنْ وُرَّاثِهِ بِالرَّحِمِ، فكانتْ أَحَقَّ بِالْمَالِ مِنْ بَيْتِ الْمَالِ، كعَصَبَاتِهِ. فأَمَّا قَوْلُهُ تعالى: {فَلَهَا نِصْفُ مَا تَرَكَ} (٩). فلا يَنْفِى أَن يكُونَ لها زِيَادَةٌ عليهِ بِسَبَبٍ آخَرَ، كقوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: {وَلِأَبَوَيْهِ لِكُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا السُّدُسُ مِمَّا تَرَكَ إِنْ كَانَ لَهُ وَلَدٌ} (١٠). لا يَنْفِى أَنْ يَكُونَ لِلْأَبِ السُّدُسُ، وما فَضَلَ عن الْبِنْتِ بِجِهَةِ التَّعْصِيبِ، وقوْلُهُ: {وَلَكُمْ نِصْفُ مَا تَرَكَ أَزْوَاجُكُمْ} (١١). لم يَنْفِ أَنْ يَكُونَ لِلزَّوْجِ ما فَضَلَ إذا كان ابْنَ عَمٍّ أَو مَوْلًى، وكذلِكَ الْأَخُ مِن الْأُمِّ إِذا كان ابْنَ عَمٍّ، وَالْبِنْتُ وَغَيْرُها مِن ذَوِى الفُرُوضِ إِذا كانتْ مُعْتَقَةً، كذا ههُنا تَسْتَحِقُّ النِّصْفَ بِالْفَرْضِ، والبَاقِىَ بِالرَّدِّ، وأمَّا الزَّوْجَانِ فليسا مِنْ ذَوِى الْأَرْحامِ.
١٠١٣ - مسألة؛ قال: (وَإِذَا كَانَتْ أُخْتٌ لِأَبٍ وَأُمٍّ، وَأُخْتٌ لِأَبٍ، وَأُخْتٌ لِأُمٍّ، فَلِلْأُخْتِ لِلْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ النِّصْفُ، وَلِلْأُخْتِ لِلْأَبِ السُّدُسُ، وَلِلْأُخْتِ لِلْأُمِّ السُّدُسُ، وَمَا بَقِىَ يُرَدُّ عَلَيْهِنَّ عَلَى قَدْرِ سِهَامِهِنَّ)
فصارَ الْمالُ بَيْنَهُنَّ على خَمْسَةِ أسْهُمٍ، لِلْأُخْتِ لِلْأَبِ والْأُمِّ ثلاثةُ أخْماسِ الْمالِ، ولِلْأُخْتِ لِلْأَبِ الْخُمْسُ، وَلِلْأُخْتِ لِلْأُمِّ الْخُمْسُ. طَرِيقُ الْعَمَلِ في الرَّدِّ أَنْ تَأْخُذَ سِهَامَ أَهْلِ الرَّدِّ من أصْلِ مَسْأَلَتِهم، وهى أَبَدًا تَخْرُجُ من سِتَّةٍ، إِذْ ليس في الْفُرُوضِ كُلِّهَا مالا يُؤْخَذُ في السِّتَّةِ إِلَّا الرُّبُعُ والثُّمُنُ، وليس لِغَيْرِ الزَّوْجَيْنِ، وليسا مِنْ أَهْلِ الرَّدِّ، ثُمَّ
(٨) في: باب تحوز المرأة ثلاثة مواريث، من كتاب الفرائض. سنن ابن ماجه ٢/ ٩١٦.كما أخرجه أبو داود، في: باب ميراث ابن الملاعنة، من كتاب الفرائض. سنن أبي داود ٢/ ١١٢، ١١٣. والترمذي، في: باب ما جاء ما يرث النساء من الولاء، من أبواب الفرائض ٨/ ٢٦٧. والإِمام أحمد، في: المسند ٣/ ٤٩٠، ٤/ ١٠٧.(٩) سورة النساء ١٧٦.(١٠) سورة النساء ١١.(١١) سورة النساء ١٢.