al-Ijeli, said: Umar ibn al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, said: "Learn the laws of inheritance, proper language usage (lahn), and the Sunnah, just as you learn the Quran." (6) He also said: Abu al-Ahwas narrated to us, Abu Ishaq informed us, from Abu al-Ahwas, from Abdullah, who said: "Whoever learns the Quran should also learn the laws of inheritance."
Jabir ibn Abdullah reported: The wife of Sa'd ibn al-Rabi' came to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) with her two daughters from Sa'd and said: "O Messenger of Allah, these are the two daughters of Sa'd ibn al-Rabi'. Their father was killed alongside you as a martyr at Uhud, their uncle has taken their property, and they cannot be married off unless they have property." He said: Then the verse regarding inheritance was revealed. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) sent for their uncle and said: "Give the two daughters of Sa'd two-thirds, and their mother one-eighth, and whatever remains is yours." Reported by Ahmad, in his Musnad (7).
994 - Issue; Abu al-Qasim, may Allah have mercy on him, said: (A brother or a sister from both father and mother, or from the father, does not inherit alongside a son, nor alongside a son's son, however low the descent, nor alongside a father.)
The scholars are in consensus on this, praise be to Allah, and this was mentioned by Ibn al-Mundhir and others. The source for this is the saying of Allah, the Almighty: "They ask you for a legal ruling. Say, 'Allah gives you a ruling concerning the one who leaves neither descendants nor ascendants as heirs (kalalah). If a man dies, leaving no child, but he has a sister, she shall have half of what he left, and he inherits from her if she has no child'" (1), the verse. The intended meaning of this is brothers and sisters of the same parents, or from the father, without any disagreement among the scholars; and because He said: "And he inherits from her if she has no child." This is the ruling of the 'asabah (agnatic heirs), so the verse implies that they do not inherit alongside a child or a parent, because the kalalah is one who has no child and no parent. Excluded from this are the daughters and the mother;
(6) Reported by al-Darimi, in: Chapter on learning the laws of inheritance, from the Book of Inheritance. Sunan al-Darimi 2/341. Al-Bayhaqi, in: Chapter on the encouragement to learn the laws of inheritance, from the Book of Inheritance. Al-Sunan al-Kubra 6/209. And Sa'id ibn Mansur, in: Chapter on the encouragement to learn the laws of inheritance, from the chapter heading. Al-Sunan 1/25. (7) Al-Musnad 3/352. It was also reported by al-Tirmidhi, in: Chapter on what has been narrated regarding the inheritance of daughters, from the Chapters of Inheritance. Aridat al-Ahwadhi 8/242, 243. And Ibn Majah, in: Chapter on the inheritance of the direct offspring, from the Book of Inheritance. Sunan Ibn Majah 2/908, 909. (1) Surah al-Nisa' 176.
العِجْلِىِّ، قال: قال عمرُ بنُ الخطَّابِ، رضى اللهُ عنه: تَعَلَّمُوا الفَرَاِئضَ، واللَّحْنَ، والسُّنَّةَ، كما تَعَلَّمُونَ القُرْآنَ (٦). وقال: حدَّثَنَا أبو الْأَحْوَصِ، أخْبَرَنَا أبو إسحاقَ، عن أبي الْأَحْوَصِ، عن عبدِ اللهِ قال: مَنْ تَعَلَّمَ القُرْآنَ فَلْيَتَعَلَّمِ الفَرَائِضَ.
ورَوَى جابِرُ بنُ عبدِ اللهِ، قال: جاءَتِ امْرَأةُ سَعْدِ بنِ الرَّبِيعِ إلى رسولِ اللهِ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- بِابْنَتَيْهَا مِنْ سَعْدٍ، فقالتْ: يا رسولَ اللهِ، هاتَانِ ابْنَتَا سَعْدِ بنِ الرَّبِيعِ، قُتِلَ أَبُوهُما معك في أُحُدٍ شَهِيدًا، وإنَّ عمَّهُما أَخَذَ مالَهما، ولا يَنْكِحَانِ إلَّا ولَهُما مالٌ. قال: فنزلَتْ آيةُ المِيرَاثِ، فأَرْسلَ رسولُ اللهِ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- إلى عمِّهِمَا، فقال: "أَعْطِ ابْنَتَىْ سَعْدٍ الثُّلُثَيْنِ، وَأُمَّهُمَا الثُّمُنَ، وَمَا بَقِىَ فَهُوَ لَكَ". رَوَاه أحمدُ، في "مُسْنَدِه" (٧).
٩٩٤ - مسألة؛ قال أبو القَاسِمِ، رحِمه اللهُ: (وَلَا يَرِثُ أَخٌ، وَلَا أُخْتٌ لأَبٍ وَأُمٍّ أَوْ لِأَبٍ، مَعَ ابْنٍ، وَلَا مَعَ ابْنِ ابْنٍ وَإِنْ سَفَلَ، وَلَا مَعَ أَبٍ)
أجْمَعَ أهلُ العِلْمِ عَلى هذا، بِحَمْدِ اللهِ، وذَكَرَ ذلك ابنُ المُنْذِرِ، وغيرُه. والأصْلُ في هذا قولُ اللهِ تعالى: {يَسْتَفْتُونَكَ قُلِ اللَّهُ يُفْتِيكُمْ فِي الْكَلَالَةِ إِنِ امْرُؤٌ هَلَكَ لَيْسَ لَهُ وَلَدٌ وَلَهُ أُخْتٌ فَلَهَا نِصْفُ مَا تَرَكَ وَهُوَ يَرِثُهَا إِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهَا وَلَدٌ} (١) الآية. والمُرَادُ بذلك الإِخْوَةُ والأَخَوَاتُ مِن الأَبَوَيْنِ، أو مِن الأَبِ، بلا خِلافٍ بينَ أهْلِ العِلْمِ؛ ولأَنَّه قالَ: {وَهُوَ يَرِثُهَا إِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهَا وَلَدٌ}. وهذا حُكْمُ العَصَبَةِ، فاقْتَضْتِ الآيَةُ أَنَّهم لا يَرِثُونَ معَ الْوَلدِ وَالْوَالِدِ؛ لأنَّ الْكَلَالَةَ مَن لَا وَلَدَ له ولا وَالِدَ، خَرَجَ مِنْ ذلك البَنَاتُ، والأُمُّ؛
(٦) أخرجه الدارمي، في: باب في تعلم الفرائض، من كتاب الفرائض. سنن الدارمي ٢/ ٣٤١. والبيهقي، في: باب الحث على تعليم الفرائض، من كتاب الفرائض. السنن الكبرى ٦/ ٢٠٩. وسعيد بن منصور، في: باب الحث على تعليم الفرائض، من ترجمة الباب. السنن ١/ ٢٥.(٧) المسند ٣/ ٣٥٢.كما أخرجه الترمذي، في: باب ما جاء في ميراث البنات، من أبواب الفرائض. عارضة الأحوذى ٨/ ٢٤٢، ٢٤٣. وابن ماجه، في: باب فرائض الصلب، من كتاب الفرائض. سنن ابن ماجه ٢/ ٩٠٨، ٩٠٩.(١) سورة النساء ١٧٦.
