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Ithbāt al-Ḥadd by al-Dashtī — Edited by ‘Ādil Āl Ḥamdān
Volume 1 · Page 153

Translation · EN

And He, Mighty and Majestic, said: {The Most Merciful rose over the Throne} [Ṭā Hā: 5] (1).

And He said: {And He is the subjugator over His servants} [al-Anʿām: 18] (2).

And He said: {To Him ascends good speech} [Fāṭir: 10] (3).

And He said: {Indeed, I will take you and raise you to Myself} [Āl ʿImrān: 55].

Notes

  • (1) Ibn al-Qayyim, may Allah have mercy on him, said: "Regarding His statement: {The Most Compassionate rose over the Throne} [Ṭā Hā: 5], in seven verses of the Qur'an, it is literal according to all sects of the Umma except the Jahmīs and those who agreed with them. They said: It is figurative. Then they differed concerning its figurative meaning; the well-known view among them... is that it means 'He conquered' (istawlā)..."

He also said: "Consensus is established that Allah, Glorified and Exalted be He, rose over His Throne literally, not figuratively..." He further said: "When the Jahmīs said that the rising over is figurative, the people of the Sunna explicitly stated that He is risen over His Throne with His Essence..." etc. [Mukhtaṣar al-Ṣawāʿiq (3/888, 899, and 902)].

  • (2) Ibn al-Qayyim, may Allah have mercy on him, said: "The literal meaning of aboveness (fawqiyya) is the elevation of the essence of a thing over another. The Jahmīs claimed that it is figurative, referring to an aboveness of rank and subjugation, just as it is said: 'Gold is above silver'... While this is indeed established for the Lord Almighty, denying the literal reality of His aboveness and interpreting it figuratively is false from numerous angles..." Then he mentioned them, including: "Fifth: Covenant, innate dispositions, intellects, revealed laws, and all of Allah's revealed books contradict that, affirming that He, Glorified be He, is above the world with His Essence. Thus, the discourse regarding His aboveness is directed to what is settled in innate dispositions, intellects, and heavenly books." End quote. [Mukhtaṣar al-Ṣawāʿiq (3/1061)].

  • (3) Al-Karajī al-Qaṣṣāb, may Allah have mercy on him, said in Nukat al-Qurʾān (3/694) regarding this verse: "It is a decisive proof against every obfuscation for anyone who claims that Allah Himself is on the earth. How could righteous deeds ascend to Him—woe to them—while He, along with His knowledge according to their claim, is on the earth? Rather, He is in the heaven, over the Throne, without any doubt or uncertainty, and His knowledge is in every place; no place is devoid of His knowledge." End quote.

Arabic (Source)

وقال عز وجل: ﴿الرَّحْمَنُ عَلَى الْعَرْشِ اسْتَوَى﴾ [طه: ٥] (١).

وقال: ﴿وَهُوَ الْقَاهِرُ فَوْقَ عِبَادِهِ﴾ [الأنعام: ١٨] (٢).

وقال: ﴿إِلَيْهِ يَصْعَدُ الْكَلِمُ الطَّيِّبُ﴾ [فاطر: ١٠] (٣).

وقال: ﴿إِنِّي مُتَوَفِّيكَ وَرَافِعُكَ [٥/أ] إِلَيَّ﴾ [آل عمران: ٥٥].

Notes

(١) قال ابن القيم رحمه الله: في قوله تعالى: ﴿الرَّحْمَنُ عَلَى الْعَرْشِ اسْتَوَى﴾ [ص: ٥] في سبع آيات من القرآن حقيقة عند جميع فرق الأمة إلا الجهمية ومن وافقهم، فإنهم قالوا: هو مجاز، ثم اختلفوا في مجازه، فالمشهور عندهم .. بمعنى استولى ..

وقال: إن الإجماع منعقدٌ على أن الله سبحانه وتعالى استوى على عرشه حقيقة لا مجازًا .. وقال: إن الجهمية لما قالوا: إن الاستواء مجاز، صرَّح أهل السُّنة بأنه مستوٍ بذاته على عرشه .. إلخ [«مختصر الصواعق» (٣/ ٨٨٨ و ٨٩٩ و ٩٠٢)].

(٢) قال ابن القيم رحمه الله: وحقيقة الفوقية: علو ذات الشيء على غيره، فادعى الجهمية أنها مجاز في فوقية الرتبة والقهر، كما يقال: الذهب فوق الفضة .. وهذا وإن كان ثابتًا للرب تعالى؛ لكن إنكار حقيقة فوقيته وحملها على المجاز باطل من وجوه عديدة: .. ثم ذكرها، ومنها: الخامس: أن العهد والفِطَر والعقول والشرائع وجميع كتب الله المنزلة على خلاف ذلك، وأنه سبحانه فوق العالم بذاته، فالخطاب بفوقيته ينصرف إلى المُستقرِّ في الفِطَر والعقول والكتب السماوية. اهـ «مختصر الصواعق» (٣/ ١٠٦١).

(٣) قال الكرجي القصاب رحمه الله في «نكت القرآن» (٣/ ٦٩٤) عن هذه الآية: حُجَّة قاطعة لكل لُبسة على من يزعم أن الله بنفسه في الأرض، فكيف يصعد إليه - ويحهم - العمل الصالح وهو مع علمه بزعمهم في الأرض ؟ بل هو في السماء على العرش بلا مرية ولا شك، وعلمه بكل مكان لا يخلو من علمه مكان. اهـ

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