"On the Day of Resurrection, He will judge between you," meaning: between the believers and the polytheists; so He will admit the believers into Paradise and the disbelievers into the Fire. "And Allah is All-Seeing of what you do." This was revealed regarding the affair of Hatib ibn Abi Balta'ah. According to the Tafsir of al-Kalbi: Hatib ibn Abi Balta'ah wrote to the people of Makkah, "Muhammad is setting out to campaign, and I do not know whether he intends you or others, so take caution."

Yahya said: It reached me that he wrote it with a woman who was a freedwoman of the Prophet, peace be upon him, and gave her a fee for it. She placed the letter in her head covering. Gabriel came to the Messenger of Allah and informed him, so the Messenger of Allah sent 'Ali and another man in pursuit of her. They searched her but did not find anything with her. His companion wanted to return, but 'Ali refused, drew his sword, and said: "By Allah, I have not lied, nor have I been lied to." So he pressured them, saying that if she did not give it to them, he would certainly behead her. She then took it out from her head covering.

Al-Kalbi said: The Messenger of Allah sent for him, saying: "Do you recognize this, O Hatib?" He said: "Yes." He said: "What drove you to do this?" He said: "By the One who revealed the Book to you, I have not disbelieved since I believed, and I have not loved them since I parted from them. There was no one among your companions except that he had someone in Makkah who would protect his wealth and family, other than me, so I wanted to secure a favor from them. I knew that Allah would surely inflict His might and vengeance upon them, and that my letter would not avail them anything." The Messenger of Allah believed him and excused him; so Allah revealed this regarding him.

Tafsir of Surat al-Mumtahanah from verse 4 to verse 5.