to perform Tayammum with it. Abu al-Harith said: Ahmad said: 'Arable land is more beloved to me, and if one performs Tayammum with salty ground (sabakhah), it is sufficient for him.' The Qadi said: The location where he permitted Tayammum with it is when it has dust, and the location where he forbade it is when it lacks dust. He added: 'It is possible to say the same regarding sand.' From him, there is another (narration) that this is permitted only in cases of necessity. He said: In the narration of Sindhi (10): 'Arable land is better than salty ground, and better than areas of quicklime and gravel, unless one is compelled to use them; if one is compelled, it is sufficient.' Al-Khallal said: Ahmad only permitted it when there is a necessity, provided it is dusty like soil; as for when it is incrusted (11) like salt, one cannot perform Tayammum with it at all. Ibn Abi Musa said: One performs Tayammum in the absence of soil with anything pure that has risen on the face of the earth, such as sand, salty ground, quicklime, kohl, and anything with a similar meaning, and he performs the prayer. As for whether he must repeat it, there are two narrations.

Section: If pottery or burnt clay is crushed, it is not permissible to perform Tayammum with it, because the firing has caused it to lose the name 'soil'. Likewise, if marble (12) or porous limestone (13) is carved until it becomes dust, it is not permissible to perform Tayammum with it, because it is not soil. If hard clay is crushed, such as Armenian clay, it is permissible to perform Tayammum with it, because it is soil.

Section: If one strikes his hand upon a felt garment, a cloth, a saddlebag, a packsaddle, or into barley, and dust clings to his hands, and he performs Tayammum with it, it is permissible. Ahmad explicitly stated all of this. Ahmad's words indicate the consideration of soil wherever it may be. Based on this, if one strikes his hand upon a rock, a wall, an animal, or anything else, and dust appears on his hands, it is permissible for him to perform Tayammum with it. But if it contains no dust, it is not permissible. It was narrated from Ibn Umar that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) struck his hands against a wall and wiped his face with them, then he struck them a second time and wiped his forearms. Narrated by Abu Dawud (14).