the leather containers (47), and it is most common that they alter the water. Yet, it was not transmitted from them that they performed tayammum while any of those waters were present. Furthermore, it is pure (tahur) water that has been mixed with a pure substance without losing the name of "water," its thinness, or its fluidity; thus, it resembles water altered by oil.

The rationale for the first view is that it is water which has been altered by the admixture of something that is not pure (tahur) from which it is possible to refrain, therefore wudu is not permissible with it, just like boiled fava bean water. Because it has departed from its absolute state, it resembles boiled water.

Once this is established, our companions do not differentiate between what is sprinkled into water from that which is mixed into it, such as saffron, safflower, ushnan (alkali), and the like, and between grains like fava beans and chickpeas, fruits like dates and raisins, leaves, and similar items.

However, the companions of al-Shafi'i stated: What is sprinkled is prohibited if it alters the water, while other than that is not prohibited unless it dissolves in the water. If it alters it without dissolving, its purity (tahuriyya) is not removed, because it is an alteration by proximity, resembling the alteration caused by camphor.

Our companions agreed with them regarding wood and twigs, but disagreed with them regarding the rest of what we have mentioned; because the alteration of the water by them is only due to the separation of their parts into (48) the water and their dissolution within it, so it must be prohibited, just as if it were cooked in it. Furthermore, it is water that has been altered by the admixture of a pure substance from which one could have been guarded, resembling water in which something was boiled.

The third category of mixed [water] is that with which wudu is permissible by a single narration, and it is of four types:

One of them is what is attributed to its location and place of residence, such as river water, well water, and their like. Water cannot be separated from these, and this attribution is not to an admixed substance. There is no disagreement among the scholars regarding this.

The second is that from which it is not possible to refrain, such as algae, moss, and all that grows in the water, as well as tree leaves that fall into the water or are carried by the wind and dropped into it, and what floods sweep up from sticks, straw, and the like, depositing them in the water, and what is in the bed of the water such as sulfur