His saying: "While he is looking at him," means he sees him [the child] coming from him. Just as Allah has forbidden a woman from bringing into a people someone who does not belong to them, He has forbidden a man from denying his child. It is not permissible to accuse her of adultery based on the report of someone whose report is not trusted, because he is not considered reliable regarding lying about her. Nor is it permissible [to accuse her] based on his seeing a man leaving her presence without the widespread report (istifadah) of her adultery; for it is possible that he entered as a thief, or as a fugitive, or for a need, or for a corrupt purpose, so one cannot be certain. Nor [is it permitted] due to the widespread report of this among the people without any evidence indicating their truthfulness, because it is possible that her enemies spread that about her. There is another view that it is permissible, because widespread report is stronger than the report of a trustworthy individual.

It is also not permissible [to deny lineage] due to the child differing from his parents in color or features, or his resemblance to someone other than his parents, because of what Abu Hurayrah narrated: A man from Banu Fazarah came to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and said, "My wife has given birth to a black child," implying that he wanted to negate him. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said to him, "Do you have camels?" He said, "Yes." He said, "What are their colors?" He said, "Red." He said, "Are there any ash-colored (awraq) ones among them?" He said, "Indeed, there are some ash-colored ones among them (8)." He said, "Where did that come from?" He said, "Perhaps it was brought out by ancestral traits." He said, "Then this [child] perhaps was brought out by ancestral traits (9)." He said, and he did not permit him to disown him. Narrated by both [Al-Bukhari and Muslim] (11). This is because all people are from Adam and Hawwa', and their colors and physical makeups are different. If it were not for their differing from the appearance of their parents, they would all be of one form (12). Furthermore, the evidence of resemblance is weak, while the evidence of his birth upon the marriage bed (firash) is strong. It is not permissible to abandon the strong [evidence] for the sake of the opposing weak one. Therefore, when Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and 'Abd ibn Zam'ah disputed over the son of the bondmaid of