Book of Jizya [Poll Tax]
It is the duty/stipend taken from the disbeliever for his residence in the Abode of Islam every year. It is a noun derived from 'jaza yajzi' [he paid/requited], meaning when he fulfilled [an obligation]. Allah the Almighty said: "And fear a day when no soul will suffice for another soul at all" (1). The Arabs say: "Jazaytu dayni" [I paid off my debt], meaning I fulfilled it. The basis for it is the Book, the Sunnah, and the consensus. As for the Book, it is the saying of Allah the Almighty: "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture - [fight] until they give the jizya willingly while they are humbled" (2). As for the Sunnah, it is what al-Mughirah ibn Shu'bah narrated, that he said to the soldiers of Kisra on the day of Nahawand (3): "Our Prophet, the Messenger of our Lord, commanded us to fight you until you worship Allah alone (4), or pay the jizya." Recorded by al-Bukhari (5). From Buraydah, that he (6) said: When the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) sent a commander over a detachment or an army, he would advise him to fear Allah the Almighty regarding his own self, and to treat the Muslims with him well, and would say to him: "When you meet your enemy from among the polytheists, invite them to one of three options; invite them to Islam, and if they respond to you, then accept it from them (7) and refrain from them. If they refuse, then invite them to pay the jizya, and if they respond to you, then accept it from them and refrain from them. If they refuse, then seek help from Allah and fight them" (8). In many reports. The Muslims have agreed upon the permissibility of taking the jizya in general.
(1) Surah al-Baqarah: 48. (2) Surah al-Tawbah: 29. (3) Nahawand: A well-known city, in the direction of Hamadhan, three days' distance between them. Mu'jam al-Buldan 4/827. (4) Omitted from: (B). (5) In: Chapter on Jizya and the Truce with the People of War..., from the Book of Jizya. Sahih al-Bukhari 4/118. (6) Omitted from: The original, (A), (B). (7) Omitted from: (M). (8) Its verification has preceded, on page 29.
كتاب الجِزْيَة
وهى الوَظِيفَةُ المَأْخُوذَةُ من الكافِرِ لإِقامَتِه بدارِ الإِسلامِ فى كلِّ عامٍ، وهى فِعْلَةٌ من جَزَى يَجْزِى: إذا قَضَى. قال اللَّه تعالَى: {وَاتَّقُوا يَوْمًا لَا تَجْزِى نَفْسٌ عَنْ نَفْسٍ شَيْئًا}، (١). تقولُ العَربُ: جَزَيْت دَيْنِى. إذ قَضَيْته. والأَصْلُ فيها الكتابُ، والسُّنَّةُ، والإِجماعُ، أمَّا الكتابُ فقولُ اللَّه تعالَى: {قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَلَا بِالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ وَلَا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلَا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحَقِّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ} (٢). وأمَّا السُّنَّةُ، فما رَوَى الْمُغيرَةُ بنُ شُعْبَةَ، أَنَّه قالَ لجُنْدِ كِسْرَى يومَ نَهاوَنْدَ (٣): أمَرَنا نَبيُّنا رسولُ رَبِّنا أَنْ نُقاتِلَكُم حتَّى تَعْبُدُوا اللَّه وحدَه (٤)، أو تُؤَدُّوا الجِزْيَةَ. أخْرَجَه البُخارِىُّ (٥). وعن بُرَيْدةَ، أنَّه (٦) قال: كان رسولُ اللَّه -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- إذا بَعَثَ أميرًا على سَرِيَّةٍ أو جيشٍ، أوْصاهُ بِتَقْوَى اللَّهِ تَعَالَى فى خاصَّةِ نَفْسِه، وبِمَنْ معه من المسلمين خيرًا، وقال له: "إذَا لَقِيتَ عَدُوَّكَ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ، فَادْعُهُمْ إلَى إحْدَى خِصَالٍ ثِلَاثٍ؛ ادْعُهُمْ إِلَى الإِسْلَامِ، فَإِنْ أَجَابُوكَ، فَاقْبَلْ مِنْهُمْ (٧)، وَكُفَّ عنْهُمْ، فَإِنْ أَبَوْا، فَادْعُهُمْ إلَى إعْطَاءِ الْجزْيَةِ، فَإِنْ أَجَابُوكَ، فَاقبَلْ مِنْهُمْ، وَكُفَّ عَنْهُمْ، فَإِنْ أَبَوْا، فَاسْتَعِنْ باللَّهِ وقَاتِلْهُمْ" (٨). فى أخْبارٍ كثيرَةٍ. وأَجْمَعَ المسلمون على جَوازِ أخْذِ الجِزْيَةِ فى الجُمْلَةِ.
(١) سورة البقرة ٤٨.(٢) سورة التوبة ٢٩.(٣) نهاوند: مدينة عطمة، فى قبلة همذان، بينهما ثلانة أيام. معجم البلدان ٤/ ٨٢٧.(٤) سقط من: ب.(٥) فى: باب الجزية والموادعة مع أهل الحرب. . .، من كتاب الجزية. صحيح البخارى ٤/ ١١٨.(٦) سقط من: الأصل، أ، ب.(٧) سقط من: م.(٨) تقدم تخريجه، فى صفحة ٢٩.
