as a whole, as well as herons (gharanīq) (45), peacocks, and the like. I am not aware of any disagreement regarding this. There is a difference of opinion (47) narrated from Ahmad regarding the hoopoe and the shrike (surad) (48) [it is narrated from him that they are lawful because they are not birds of prey and are not considered repulsive. It is also narrated from him that they are prohibited because the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) forbade killing the hoopoe, the shrike (49), the ant, and the bee (50)]. Every creature that does not hunt with its talons, does not eat carrion, and is not considered repulsive, is lawful.

Section: Ahmad said: I dislike the meat and milk of the jallālah (an animal that feeds on filth). The Qadi stated in "al-Mujarrad": This refers to an animal that eats human excrement (51). Thus, if the majority of its fodder is impure, its meat and milk become prohibited. Regarding its eggs, there are two narrations. If the majority of its fodder is pure, it is not forbidden to consume it or its milk. Defining the jallālah by the fact that the majority of its fodder is impure is something we have not heard from Ahmad, nor is it the apparent meaning of his statement, though it is possible to define it by that which is abundant in its diet, while overlooking the trivial. Al-Layth said: They only disliked the jallālah that has no food except dung and the like. Ibn Abi Musa said: Regarding the jallālah, there are two narrations; one is that it is prohibited, and the second is that it is disliked but not prohibited, which is the opinion of al-Shafi‘i. Abu Hanifa disliked its meat and working it until it is confined. Al-Hasan permitted its meat and milk, because an animal (52) does not become impure by eating impurities, evidenced by the fact that a drinker of wine is not judged to have impure limbs, and the disbeliever who eats pork and forbidden things is not considered [impure in his outward appearance] (53), and if he were impure, he would not be purified by Islam and bathing (54). If the jallālah were inherently impure, it would not be purified by confinement.