The evidence is a proof regarding property, but not regarding divorce or manumission. The apparent position of the Shafi'i school, in this chapter, is like our school, except for what we have mentioned of the disagreement from our companions.

Section: If he claims a slave woman in the possession of a man is his umm al-walad (a slave mother of his child), and that her son is his son by her, born while she was in his ownership, and he provides a witness and two women, or swears alongside his witness, it is ruled in his favor regarding the slave woman. This is because the umm al-walad is his property, which is why he possesses the right to have intercourse with her, lease her, and marry her off. The ruling of istilad (status of being a mother of his child) is established by his confession, because his confession is binding regarding his own property, and property is established by a witness and two women, or a witness and an oath. However, it is not ruled in his favor regarding the child; because he is claiming his lineage, and lineage is not established by such [evidence], and he is also claiming his freedom. Therefore, based on this, the child remains in the hand of the denier as his property. This is one of the two opinions of Al-Shafi'i. In the other, he takes her and her child, and he is his son; because whoever is entitled to the substance (the object) is entitled to its growth, and the child is her growth. Abu al-Khattab mentioned two narrations from Ahmad regarding this, similar to the two opinions of Al-Shafi'i. Our view is that he did not claim the child as property, but rather claimed his freedom and lineage, and these two are not established by this evidence, so they remain as they were.

Section: If a man claims that he performed khul' (divorce initiated by the wife in return for compensation) on his wife, and she denies it, this is established by a witness and two women, or the oath of the claimant; because he is claiming the property with which she performed the khul'. If the woman claims that, it is not established except by the testimony of two men; because she does not intend by it anything other than annulment and her release from the husband, and this is not established except by this evidence.

1885 - Issue: He said: "And testimony of a single just woman is accepted in matters that men do not have access to, such as breastfeeding, childbirth, menstruation, waiting periods ('iddah), and similar things."

We are not aware of any disagreement among the scholars regarding the general acceptance of the testimony of women alone. The Qadi said: The matters in which their testimony is accepted alone are five things: childbirth, the vocalization of a newborn (istihlal),