a group of our companions, and it is the school of Abu 'Ubayd. Malik said the same as our companions, except regarding injuries (jirahat), and he agreed with the others regarding injuries as a precaution for blood. Our companions argued using what Abu Dawud (32) narrated in his Sunan, from Abu Hurayrah, from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), that he said: "The testimony of a bedouin against a village dweller is not permitted (33)." And because he is suspect, given that he refrained from calling a villager to testify and instead called a bedouin. Abu 'Ubayd said: I do not consider their testimony to be rejected except for the roughness/negligence in the rights of Allah the Almighty and the roughness in religion that they possess. As for us, whoever's testimony is accepted against the people of the desert, his testimony is accepted against the people [of the village, like the people of the villages, and the hadith is interpreted as referring to one whose (34) integrity is unknown among the people of] (35) the desert, and we specify it for this; because usually he does not have someone for the judge to ask, so as to know his integrity.
1890 - Issue: He said: (The just person is one from whom no suspicion appears. And this is the opinion of (1) Ibrahim al-Nakha'i and Ishaq).
In summary, the just person (al-'adl) is one whose conditions in his religion and actions are balanced. The Qadi said: This applies to religion, sense of honor (muru'ah), and legal rulings. As for religion, [it is that he does not] (2) commit a major sin, nor persist in a minor one. For Allah the Almighty forbade (3) that (4) the testimony of one who falsely accuses (al-qadhif) be accepted, and thus every perpetrator of a major sin is measured against him. A minor sin does not remove him from justice, due to the saying of Allah the Almighty: {Those who avoid major sins and immoralities, except for small offenses} (5). He said: The "small offenses" (al-lamam) are minor sins. And because avoiding them is not possible, it came from
(32) In: Chapter on the testimony of a bedouin against the people of the cities, from the Book of Judicial Rulings (Kitab al-Aqdiyya). Sunan Abi Dawud 2/275. It was also recorded by Ibn Majah in: Chapter on one whose testimony is not permitted, from the Book of Legal Rulings (Kitab al-Ahkam). Sunan Ibn Majah 2/793. (33) In A, B, and M: "'an" (from/against). (34) In the original: "la" (no). (35) Omitted from A. Looking into the opinion. (1) In the original: "madhhab" (school/opinion). (2) In B and M: "fala" (then he does not). (3) In M: "amara" (commanded). (4) In M, addition: "la" (not). (5) Surah al-Najm: 32.
جماعةٍ من أصحابِنا، ومذهبُ أبى عُبَيْدٍ. وقال مالكٌ كقَوْلِ أصحابِنا، فيما عَدَا الجِرَاحَ، وكقولِ الباقِينَ فى الجِراحِ احْتياطًا للدِّماءِ. واحْتجَّ أصْحابُنا بما روَى أبو داودَ (٣٢)، فى "سُنَنِه"، عن أبى هُرَيْرةَ، عن النَّبِىِّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-، أنَّه قال: "لَا تَجُوزُ شَهَادَةُ بَدَوِىٍّ عَلَى (٣٣) صَاحِبِ قَرْيَةٍ". ولأنَّه مُتَّهَمٌ، حيثُ عَدَلَ عن أنْ يُشْهِدَ قَرَويًّا ويُشْهدَ بَدَوِيًّا. قال أبو عُبَيْدٍ: ولا أرَى شهادتَهم رُدَّتْ إلَّا لِمَا فيهم من الجَفاءِ بحُقوقِ اللهِ تعالى، والجَفاءِ فى الدِّينِ. ولَنا، أنَّ مَن قُبلَتْ شهادتُه، على أهل البَدْوِ، قُبلَتْ شهادتُه على أهلِ [القَرْيَةِ، كأهلِ القُرَى، ويُحْمَلُ الحديثُ على مَن لم (٣٤) تُعْرَفْ عدالَتُه مِن أهلِ] (٣٥) البَدوِ، ونَخُصُّه بهذا؛ لأنَّ الغالِبَ أنَّه لا يكونُ له مَن يسْألُه الحاكمُ، فيَعرِفُ عَدالتَه.
١٨٩٠ - مسألة؛ قال: (وَالْعَدلُ مَنْ لَمْ تَظْهَرْ مِنْهُ رِيبَةٌ. وَهَذَا قَوْلُ (١) إبْرَاهِيمَ النَّخعِىِّ، وَإسْحَاقَ)
وجملَتُه أنَّ العَدْلَ هو الذى تَعْتدِلُ أحْوالُه فى دِينِه وأفْعالِه. قال القاضى: يكونُ ذلك فى الدِّين والمُروَءةِ والأحْكامِ. أمَّا الدِّينُ [فأن لا] (٢) يَرْتَكبَ كَبيرةً، ولا يُداوِمَ على صَغيرةٍ، فإنَّ اللهَ تعالى نَهَى (٣) أنْ (٤) تُقْبَلَ شَهادةُ القَاذِفِ، فيُقاسُ عليه كلُّ مُرْتكِبِ كبيرةٍ، ولا يُخْرِجُه عن العَدالةِ فِعلُ صَغيرَةٍ؛ لقولِ اللهِ تعالى: {الَّذِينَ يَجْتَنِبُونَ كَبَائِرَ الْإِثْمِ وَالْفَوَاحِشَ إِلَّا اللَّمَمَ} (٥). قل: اللَّمَمُ صِغارُ الذّنوبِ. ولأنَّ التَّحرُّزَ منها غيرُ مُمْكِنٍ، جاءَ عنِ
(٣٢) فى: باب شهادة البدوى على أهل الأمصار، من كتاب الأقضية. سنن أبى داود ٢/ ٢٧٥.كما أخرجه ابن ماجه، فى: باب من لا تجوز شهادته، من كتاب الأحكام. سنن ابن ماجه ٢/ ٧٩٣.(٣٣) فى أ، ب، م: "عن".(٣٤) فى الأصل: "لا".(٣٥) سقط من: أ. نقل نظر.(١) فى الأصل: "مذهب".(٢) فى ب، م: "فلا".(٣) فى م: "أمر".(٤) فى م زيادة: "لا".(٥) سورة النجم ٣٢.
