As for the one who drinks from nabidh which is a matter of disagreement and does not intoxicate him, while believing in its lawfulness, there is no harm in praying behind him. This was explicitly stated by Ahmad (12), who said: 'One may pray behind someone who drinks an intoxicating substance based on a [different] interpretation. We narrate the hadith from them, but we do not pray behind someone who gets drunk.' The wording of al-Khiraqi, by its implication, points to this, as he specified those who get drunk as having to repeat the prayer behind them. Every sinner (fasiq) falls under the meaning of one who drinks what intoxicates him (13), so one should not pray behind him. Ahmad stated this explicitly, saying: 'Do not pray behind a wicked person (fajir) or a sinner (fasiq).' Abu Dawud said: I heard Ahmad, may Allah have mercy on him, being asked about an imam who says, 'I will lead you in Ramadan [prayer] for such and such amount of dirhams.' He said: 'I ask Allah for well-being; who would pray behind such a person?' It was also narrated from him that he said: 'Do not pray behind one who does not pay zakat, and do not pray behind one who stipulates a fee.' However, there is no harm if they give him [money] without such a condition. These texts indicate that one should not pray behind a sinner. Another narration from him [Ahmad] exists, which is that the prayer behind him (14) is permissible; this was mentioned by our companions. This is the school of al-Shafi'i, based on the saying of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): 'Pray behind everyone who says there is no god but Allah.' Ibn 'Umar used to pray behind al-Hajjaj, and al-Husayn, al-Hasan, and others among the Companions used to pray with Marwan. Those who were under the authority of Ziyad and his son used to pray with them. They prayed behind al-Walid ibn 'Uqbah, even though he drank wine and led the dawn prayer in four units, saying, 'Shall I increase for you?' Thus, this has become a consensus. It is narrated from Abu Dharr that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said to me: 'How will you be when you have leaders who delay the prayer from its time?' He said: I asked, 'What do you command me to do?' He said: 'Pray the prayer at its time; then if you catch it with them'