the bank of the Arbad, at the gate of Homs, and at the gate of al-Rastan, remaining valid for their owners, with no kharaj (land tax) upon them, but rather they pay the 'ushr (tithe).
Section: This is what we have mentioned regarding productive land. As for dwellings, there is no harm in holding them, selling them, purchasing them, or residing in them. Abu 'Ubayd (77) said: "We do not know of anyone who disliked that." Kufa was divided into plots during the time of 'Umar—may Allah be pleased with him—with his permission, as was Basra, and they were inhabited by the companions of the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), as were the Levant, Egypt, and other lands, and no one censured or objected to that.
443 - Issue: He said: "As for what was [acquired] through a peace treaty (sulh), it is subject to sadaqa (zakat)."
He means what they were reconciled upon, provided that the ownership remains with its people and we have a known kharaj upon them. This kharaj is in the ruling of jizya; whenever they embrace Islam, it is dropped from them. And if it (the land) is transferred to a Muslim, there is no kharaj upon them. Similar to this is what was reported on the authority of al-'Ala' ibn al-Hadrami, who said: "The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) sent me to Bahrain and to Hajar, and I would come to a garden owned by brothers where one of them would embrace Islam, so I would take the 'ushr from the Muslim and the kharaj from the polytheist." Reported by Ibn Majah (1). This is for one of these two lands, because they were conquered through a peace treaty. Likewise, every land whose people embraced Islam while upon it, like the land of Medina, is owned by them, and there is no kharaj or anything [of that nature] upon it. As for zakat, it is obligatory upon every Muslim, and there is no disagreement regarding the obligation of the 'ushr on what is produced from this land. Ibn al-Mundhir said: "All the scholars we memorize from are in consensus that any land whose people embraced Islam while upon it before being overpowered, it belongs to them, their rulings are the rulings of the Muslims, and they must pay zakat on what they cultivate therein."
(77) In: al-Amwal, p. 85. Ibn Qudama paraphrased the wording of Abu 'Ubayd.
(1) In: Chapter of 'Ushr and Kharaj, from the Book of Zakat. Sunan Ibn Majah 1/586. It was also recorded by Imam Ahmad in: al-Musnad 5/52.
شاطِئ الأَرْبَدِ، وعلى بابِ حِمْصَ، وعلى بَابِ الرَّسْتَن، ماضِيَةً لِأهْلِها، لا خَرَاجَ عليها، تُؤَدِّى العُشْرَ.
فصل: وهذا الذى ذَكَرْنَاهُ في الأرْضِ المُغِلَّةِ، أمَّا المَسَاكِنُ فلا بَأْسَ بِحِيَازَتِها وبَيْعِها وشِرَائِها وسُكْنَاها. قال أبو عُبَيْدٍ (٧٧): ما عَلِمْنَا أحَدًا كَرِهَ ذلك، وقد اقْتُسِمَتِ الكُوفَةُ خِططًا في زَمنِ عُمَرَ، رَضِىَ اللهُ عنه بإِذْنِهِ، والبَصْرَةُ، وسَكَنَهما أصْحابُ رسولِ اللَّه -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْه وَسَلَّمَ-، وكذلك الشَّامُ ومِصْرُ وغيرُهما من البُلْدَانِ، فما عَابَ ذلك أحَدٌ ولا أنْكَرَهُ.
٤٤٣ - مسألة؛ قال: (فَمَا كَانَ مِنَ الصُّلْحِ، فَفِيهِ الصَّدقَةُ)
يَعْنِى ما صُولِحُوا عليه، على أنَّ مِلْكَهُ لِأهْلِه، ولنا عليهم خَرَاجٌ مَعْلُومٌ، فهذا الخَراجُ في حُكْمِ الجِزْيَةِ، متى أسْلَمُوا سَقَطَ عنهم. وإن انْتَقَلَتْ إلى مُسْلِمٍ لم يكنْ عليهم خَراجٌ. وفى مِثْلِه جاءَ عن العَلَاءِ بنِ الحَضْرَمِيِّ، قال: بَعَثَنِى رسولُ اللهِ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْه وَسَلَّمَ- إلى البَحْرَيْنِ وإلى هَجَرَ، فَكُنْتُ آتِى الحائِطَ تكونُ بين الإِخْوَة، يُسْلِمُ أحَدُهم، فآخُذُ من المُسْلِمِ العُشْرَ، ومن المُشْرِكِ الخَرَاجَ. رَوَاهُ ابنُ مَاجَه (١). فهذا في أحَدِ هذَيْنِ البَلَدَيْنِ؛ لأنَّهما فُتِحَا صُلْحًا، وكذلك كلُّ أرْضٍ أسْلَمَ أهْلُها عليها، كأرْضِ المَدِينَةِ، فهى مِلْكٌ لهم، ليس عليها خَرَاجٌ ولا شىءٌ. أمَّا الزكاةُ فهى وَاجِبَةٌ على كلِّ مُسْلِمٍ، ولا خِلافَ في وُجُوبِ العُشْرِ في الخارِجِ من هذه الأرْضِ. قال ابْنُ المُنْذِرِ: أجْمَعَ كلُّ مَن نَحْفَظُ عنه من أهْلِ العِلْمِ، على أنَّ كُلَّ أرْضٍ أسْلَمَ أهْلُها عليها قبلَ قَهْرِهِمْ عليها، أنَّها لهم، وأنَّ أحْكَامَهم أحْكامُ المُسْلِمِينَ، وأنَّ عليهم فيما زَرَعُوا فيها الزكاةَ.
(٧٧) في: الأموال ٨٥. وتصرف ابن قدامة في عبارة أبي عبيد.(١) في: باب العشر والخراج، من كتاب الزكاة. سنن ابن ماجه ١/ ٥٨٦. كما أخرجه الإِمام أحمد، في: المسند ٥/ ٥٢.
