484 - Issue: He said: (If clouds or dust obstruct the view of the crescent, its fasting becomes mandatory, and it is sufficient if it happens to be from the month of Ramadan).
There is a difference of opinion in the narrations from Ahmad, may Allah have mercy on him, regarding this issue. It is narrated from him the same as what al-Khiraqi reported, which was chosen by most of the scholars among our companions. This is the school of thought held by Umar, his son, 'Amr ibn al-'As, Abu Hurayrah, Anas, Mu'awiyah, 'Aishah, and Asma', the two daughters of Abu Bakr. This is also the view of Bakr ibn 'Abd Allah, Abu 'Uthman al-Nahdi (1), Ibn Abi Maryam (2), Mutarrif, Maymun ibn Mihran, Tawus, and Mujahid. It is also narrated from him that the people follow the Imam; if he fasts, they fast, and if he breaks his fast, they break theirs. This is the view of al-Hasan and Ibn Sirin, based on the statement of the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace): "Fasting is the day you fast, breaking the fast is the day you break it, and the Day of Sacrifice (Adha) is the day you sacrifice" (3). It is said that its meaning is that fasting and breaking the fast should be done with the community and the majority (4) of the people. Al-Tirmidhi said: This is a hasan (good) gharib (uncommon) hadith. There is a third narration from Ahmad: Fasting is not mandatory, and if one fasts it, it does not suffice as part of Ramadan. This is the view of the majority of scholars, including Abu Hanifah, Malik, al-Shafi'i, and those who followed them, based on what Abu Hurayrah narrated: The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) said: "Fast upon seeing it, and break your fast upon seeing it; but if it is obscured (5) from you, then complete the count of Sha'ban to thirty." Recorded by al-Bukhari (6). And from Ibn 'Umar, that the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) said: "Fast upon seeing it, and break your fast..."
(1) Abu 'Uthman 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Mall ibn 'Amr al-Nahdi. He lived through the Pre-Islamic era (Jahiliyyah) and accepted Islam during the time of the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), though he did not meet him. He was a trustworthy narrator. He died in the year 95 AH at the age of 130. Tahdhib al-Tahdhib 6/277, 278.
(2) Burayd ibn Abi Maryam Malik ibn Rabi'ah al-Saluli al-Basri, a Tabi'i and a trustworthy narrator. He died in the year 144 AH. Tahdhib al-Tahdhib 1/432.
(3) Previously mentioned in 3/286. It should be added to its source citation: It was also recorded by al-Daraqutni, in: Book of Fasting. Sunan al-Daraqutni 2/164.
(4) In manuscript M: "wa-mu'zam". 'Izm of a thing means the majority of it.
(5) In the original text: "ghumma", and in manuscript M: "ghummiya". The version established here is what is in Sahih al-Bukhari and the citation from it.
(6) In: Chapter: The statement of the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace): "If you see the crescent, then fast...", from the Book of Fasting. Sahih al-Bukhari 3/35. It was also recorded by Muslim, in: Chapter: The obligation of fasting Ramadan upon seeing the crescent, from the Book of Fasting. Sahih Muslim
٤٨٤ - مسألة؛ قال: (وَإِنْ حَالَ دُونَ مَنْظَرِه غَيْمٌ، أو قَتَرٌ وَجَبَ صِيَامُه، وقَدْ أَجْزَأَ إذَا كَانَ مِنْ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ)
اخْتَلَفَتِ الرِّوَايَةُ عن أحمدَ رَحِمَه اللهُ في هذه المَسْألَةِ، فرُوِىَ عنه مِثْلُ ما نَقَلَ الخِرَقِىُّ، اخْتارَها أكْثَرُ شُيُوخِ أصْحَابِنَا، وهو مذهبُ عمرَ، وابْنِهِ، وعَمْرِو بن العَاصِ، وأبى هُرَيْرَةَ، وأنَسٍ، ومُعاوِيَةَ، وعائشةَ، وأسْمَاءَ ابنَتَىْ أبى بكرٍ. وبه قال بَكْرُ بنُ عبدِ اللهِ، وأبو عثمانَ النَّهْدِىُّ (١)، وابنُ أبي مَرْيَمَ (٢)، ومُطَرِّفٌ، ومَيْمُونُ بن مِهْرَانَ، وطاوُسٌ، ومُجاهِدٌ. وَرُوِىَ عنه أنَّ النَّاسَ تَبَعٌ لِلْإِمامِ، فإن صامَ صامُوا، وإن أفْطَرَ أفْطَرُوا. وهذا قولُ الحسنِ، وابنِ سِيرِينَ، لِقَوْلِ النَّبِىِّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-: "الصَّوْمُ يَوْمَ تَصُومُونَ، والفِطْرُ يَوْمَ تُفْطِرُونَ، والأَضْحَى يَوْمَ تُضَحُّونَ" (٣). قيل مَعْنَاهُ أنَّ الصَّوْمَ والفِطْرَ مع الجَماعَةِ وعُظْمِ (٤) النَّاسِ. قال التِّرْمِذِىُّ: هذا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ غَرِيبٌ. وعن أحْمَدَ، رِوَايَةٌ ثالِثَةٌ: لا يَجِبُ صَوْمُهُ، ولا يُجْزِئُه عن رمضانَ إنْ صَامَهُ. وهو قولُ أكْثَرِ أهْلِ العِلْمِ؛ منهم أبو حنيفةَ، ومالِكٌ، والشَّافِعِىُّ، ومَن تَبِعَهم؛ لما رَوَى أبو هُرَيْرَةَ، قال: قال رسولُ اللهِ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-: "صُومُوا لِرُؤْيَتِه، وَأَفْطِرُوا لِرُؤْيَتِه، فَإنْ غُبِّىَ (٥) عَلَيْكُمْ فَأَكْمِلُوا عِدَّةَ شَعْبَانَ ثَلَاثِينَ" رَوَاهُ البُخَارِىُّ (٦). وعن ابنِ عمرَ، أنَّ النَّبِىَّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- قال: "صُومُوا لِرُؤْيَتَه، وأفْطِرُوا
(١) أبو عثمان عبد الرحمن بن مَلِّ بن عمرو النَّهْدِىّ، أدرك الجاهلية، وأسلم على عهد رسول اللَّه -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-، ولم يلقه، وكان ثقة، توفى سنة خمس وتسعين، وهو ابن ثلاثين ومائة سنة تهذيب التهذيب ٦/ ٢٧٧، ٢٧٨.(٢) بُرَيْد بن أبى مريم مالك بن ربيعة السلولى البصرى، تابعى ثقة، توفى سنة أربع وأربعين ومائة. تهذيب التهذيب ١/ ٤٣٢.(٣) تقدم في ٣/ ٢٨٦. ويضاف إلى تخريجه: كما أخرجه الدارقطنى، في: كتاب الصيام. سنن الدارقطنى ٢/ ١٦٤.(٤) في م: "ومعظم". وعظم الشىء: أكثره.(٥) في الأصل: "غم" وفي م: "غمى". والمثبت في صحيح البخاري، والنقل عنه.(٦) في: باب قول النبى -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- إذا رأيتم الهلال فصوموا. . .، من كتاب الصوم. صحيح البخاري ٣/ ٣٥. كما أخرجه مسلم، في: باب وجوب صوم رمضان لرؤية الهلال، من كتاب الصيام. صحيح مسلم =
