in one's liability, so it is like a voluntary fast. Our evidence is what Ibn Jurayj, and 'Abd Allah ibn Abi Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn 'Amr ibn Hazm, narrated from al-Zuhri, from Salim, from his father, from Hafsah, from the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), who said: "Whoever does not resolve to fast from the night, there is no fast for him." In the wording of Ibn Hazm: "Whoever does not determine [the intention of] fasting before the dawn, there is no fast for him." It was recorded by al-Nasa'i, Abu Dawud, and al-Tirmidhi (3). Al-Daraqutni (4) narrated with his chain of authority from 'Amrah, from 'A'ishah, from the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), that he said: "Whoever does not resolve to fast before the break of dawn, there is no fast for him." He stated: "All of its narrators are trustworthy." He also said regarding the hadith of Hafsah: "'Abd Allah ibn Abi Bakr raised it [to the Prophet] from al-Zuhri," and he is among the trustworthy transmitters. Furthermore, because it is an obligatory fast, it requires the intention from the night, like a make-up fast (qada'). As for the fast of 'Ashura', its mandatory status was not established; for Mu'awiyah said: "I heard the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) saying: 'This is the day of 'Ashura', and Allah has not made fasting it obligatory for you, but I am fasting it; so whoever wishes to fast it, let him fast, and whoever wishes not to, let him break his fast.'" Agreed upon (5). So if
the children, from the Book of Fasting, and in: Chapter: What the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) used to send of commanders and messengers..., from the Book of Isolated Reports. Sahih al-Bukhari 3/38, 48, 58, 9/111. And Muslim, in: Chapter: Whoever eats on 'Ashura' should abstain for the remainder of his day, from the Book of Fasting. Sahih Muslim 2/798. It was also recorded by al-Nasa'i, in: Chapter: If one does not resolve [to fast] from the night..., from the Book of Fasting. Al-Mujtaba 4/163. And Imam Ahmad, in: Al-Musnad 1/232, 3/484, 4/47, 48, 50, 6/359, 467. (3) Recorded by al-Nasa'i, in: Chapter: Mentioning the disagreement among the transmitters of the report of Hafsah regarding the intention in fasting, from the Book of Fasting. Al-Mujtaba 4/166-168. And Abu Dawud, in: Chapter: The intention in fasting, from the Book of Fasting. Sunan Abi Dawud 1/571. And al-Tirmidhi, in: Chapter: What has been narrated regarding "there is no fast for those who do not resolve from the night," from the Chapters on Fasting. 'Aridat al-Ahwadhi 3/263. It was also recorded by al-Darimi, in: Chapter: Whoever does not resolve to fast from the night, from the Book of Fasting. Sunan al-Darimi 2/7. And Imam Ahmad, in: Al-Musnad 6/287. (4) In: Chapter: Testimony regarding the sighting of the crescent, from the Book of Fasting. Sunan al-Daraqutni 2/172. (5) Recorded by al-Bukhari, in: Chapter: Fasting on the Day of 'Ashura', from the Book of Fasting. Sahih al-Bukhari 3/56. And Muslim, in: Chapter: Fasting on the Day of 'Ashura', from the Book of Fasting. Sahih Muslim 2/795. It was also recorded by Imam Malik, in: Chapter: Fasting on the Day of 'Ashura', from the Book of Fasting. Al-Muwatta 1/299. And Imam Ahmad, in: Al-Musnad 4/95.
