things that invalidate the fast, such as eating, drinking, sexual intercourse, and other than them, for their prohibition is tied to the fast, so it ceases with its cessation, just as if it ceased by the arrival of the night.

Section: The traveler is not permitted to fast during Ramadan for other than it, such as a vow (nadhr) or a makeup fast (qada'); because breaking the fast was permitted as a concession (rukhsah) and a relief for him. If he does not desire relief for himself, it is incumbent upon him to fulfill the original obligation. If he intends a fast other than Ramadan, his fast is not valid, neither for Ramadan nor for what he intended. This is the correct view in the school (madhhab), and it is the opinion of the majority of scholars. Abu Hanifah said: What he intended occurs [if it was an obligation] (19), because it is a time in which breaking his fast was permitted, so it was permissible for him to fast for an obligation upon him, like a month other than Ramadan. Our argument is that he was permitted to break the fast due to an excuse, so it is not permissible for him (20) to fast it for other than Ramadan, just like the sick person. With this, what they mentioned is refuted, and it is also refuted by supererogatory (tatawwu') fasting, for they conceded that. Salih said: It was said to my father: If someone fasts the month of Ramadan while intending a supererogatory fast, does it suffice him? He said: Does a Muslim actually do this!

489 - Issue: He said: (And whoever eats, or drinks, or performs cupping (hijamah), or snuffs medicine into the nose, or introduces something into his bodily cavity from any place, or kisses and ejaculates, or emits madhy (pre-seminal fluid), or gazes repeatedly and ejaculates, whichever of these he does intentionally, while being mindful of his fast, he is liable for making up the day (qada') without atonement (kaffarah), if it is an obligatory fast.)

There are several aspects to this issue. The first is that he breaks his fast by eating and drinking by consensus and by the evidence of the Book and the Sunnah. As for the Book: it is the saying of Allah the Exalted: {And eat and drink until the white thread of dawn becomes distinct to you from the black thread [of the night]. Then complete the fast until the night} (1). He extended eating and drinking until the appearance (2) of dawn, then commanded fasting from them. As for